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Biology (Semester 1) > L8: Cell Organelles > Flashcards

L8: Cell Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Which disease is caused by the absence of Hex-A?

A

Tay-Sachs disease

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of Tay-Sachs?

A

Seizures, muscle rigidity, blindness. Death often before the age of 5

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3
Q

Tay-Sachs is caused by the absence of a single lysosomal enzyme, Hex-A. What does Hex-A break down?

A

Ganglioside GM2, prevalent in nerve cells

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4
Q

How does Tay-Sachs disease work?

A

Lack of Hex-A results in a build up of ganglioside GM2 in nerve cells, destroying nerve function

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5
Q

What is Cytoplasm?

A

Contains cellular components outside the nucleus and within the plasma membrane.

  • cytosol
  • organelles
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6
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton. What are the 3 main types?

A

Network of protein filaments throughout the cytoplasm.

  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
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7
Q

Where would you most likely find ACTIN and MYOSIN?

A

Microfilaments

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8
Q

Where would you find the microfilaments?

A

Surrounding the edge of the cell

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9
Q

What are the key functions of the microfilaments?

A
  1. Generate movement
  2. Structural support and shape
  3. Create microvilli
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10
Q

Which structure is made up of keratin, vimentin, and lamin?

A

Intermediate filaments

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the intermediate filaments?

A
  1. Very strong
  2. Found in parts of the cell subject to high stress
  3. Stabilise the organelles
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12
Q

What structure is formed of Tubulin?

A

Microtubules

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13
Q

What are the physical features of microtubules?

A
  1. Long
  2. Unbranched
  3. Hollow
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14
Q

Where do the microtubules form?

A

Centrosomes

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15
Q

List the functions of the microtubules.

A
  1. Structural support and shape
  2. Movement of organelles during division
  3. Provide structure for the flagella
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16
Q

What components form a centrosome?

A

2 centrioles

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17
Q

Where are centrosomes located?

A

Proximal to the nucleus

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18
Q

What are centrioles made up of?

A

A circle of 9 triplets of microtubules (27 altogether) at right-angles to each other. The clusters are bound together by tubulin rings

19
Q

What is the function of the centrosomes?

A

Growth of mitotic spindle during cell division

20
Q

How many centrosomes are present at division stage G0?

A

Only 1, it will replicate early in G1 stage of division and the spindles will form

21
Q

What is a common way to increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy?

A

Smoking, as it destroys the cilia that would normally pass the oocyte towards the uterus

22
Q

What are cilia primarily made from?

A

Microtubules

23
Q

What is the function of the cilia?

A

Transport fluids along the cells surface

24
Q

What is the functional difference between cilia and flagella?

A

Cilia pass fluids across the surface of a stationary cell; flagella transport the cell through a substrate.

25
Q

What are the roles of myosin, actin, and tubulin?

A

Myosin and actin: form microfilaments

Tubulin: forms microtubules

26
Q

The surface of which organelle is covered in ribosomes?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

27
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Synthesise proteins

28
Q

What happens next to proteins after they are processed by the rough ER?

A

They are sent to the Golgi apparatus (entry or cis face) in a transport vesicle

29
Q

Where could synthesised proteins end up?

A
  1. Sent to organelles in the cell
  2. Incorporated into the plasma membrane
  3. Excreted via exocytosis
  4. Remain in the cytoplasm
30
Q

How many subunits are ribosomes made up of?

A

Two; one larger and one smaller

31
Q

How many proteins are in each ribosome?

A

Over 50 proteins, plus lots of ribosomal RNA

32
Q

Where are ribosomes formed?

33
Q

What is the role of the Smooth ER in the liver?

A
  1. Release glucose from gluc-6-p

2. Detoxify lipid soluble drugs, such as alcohol and pesticides

34
Q

What is the role of the Smooth ER in muscles?

A

Store Ca2+ ions

35
Q

What part of the cell does eosin stain? What colour will it be dyed?

A

Proteins in the cytoplasm - red or pink

36
Q

What part of the cell does haematoxylin stain? What colour will it be dyed?

A

DNA, RNA, and other negatively charged compounds - dark blue/ violet

37
Q

What are the granular leukocytes?

A

Eosinophil, Basophil, Neutrophil

38
Q

What are the agranular leukocytes?

A

Lymphocyte, monocyte

39
Q

Which leukocyte is associated with anaphylaxis?

A

Basophils, as it releases histamines

40
Q

Which leukocyte is stored in the spleen?

41
Q

Which leukocyte represent 50-60% of all leukocytes in the body?

A

Neutrophils

42
Q

Which leukocyte is responsible mainly for for defence against parasites?

43
Q

Which leukocyte causes tissue damage by releasing toxins that kill bacteria and parasites?

A

Eosinophil

Biology (Semester 1) (10 decks)

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