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Biology (Semester 1) > L10: Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

L10: Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Proteins are polymers of what?

A

Amino Acids

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2
Q

What two molecules ensure the correct assembly sequence of DNA?

A

tRNA and mRNA

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3
Q

What is deacylated or uncharged tRNA?

A

tRNA molecule which has had its amino acid removed

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4
Q

What do you call a tRNA molecule bound to a growing polypeptide chain?

A

Peptidyl tRNA

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5
Q

What shape is tRNA

A

Clover

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6
Q

What are the two ends of the chain referred to as?

A

3’ and 5’

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7
Q

Which end has an amino acid attached to it?

A

3’

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8
Q

What bond is used to attach the amino acid?

A

Ester Bond

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9
Q

What causes the clover shape of the molecule?

A

Intramolecular base-pairing

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10
Q

Does tRNA have a codon or an anticodon?

A

Anticodon

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11
Q

What is a codon?

A

Base triplet in mRNA (three bases that code for an amino acid)

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12
Q

Does each amino acid have a unique codon that codes for it’s synthesis?

A

No. Multiple codons can code for each amino acid.

e.g the following all code for serine
UCA
UCC
UCG
UCU
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13
Q

Which bases in the codon are the most crucial for coding?

A

The first two

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14
Q

Why is it important for multiple codons to code for the same amino acid?

A

It gives tolerance against mutations. If one of the bases is changed, there is a chance it will still produce the correct amino acid

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15
Q

How many amino acids can only be coded by one codon?

A

Just two - Tryptophan and methionine. Fortunately, tryptophan this is abundant in our diet

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16
Q

How many amino acids are coded for by 4 or more codons

A 
Leucine
Valine
Glycine
Serine
Proline
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17
Q

What are the start codons?

A

Just AUG (also codes for methionine)

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18
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAG, UAA, UGA

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19
Q

What are the Hydrophobic amino acids?

A

Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Proline

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20
Q

What are the basic amino acids?

A

Histidine, Arginine, Lysine

BASICally, Shallow HAL has a POSITIVE message

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21
Q

What are the acidic amino acids?

A

Glutamic Acid, Aspartic Acid

ACID and Glue Always have NEGATIVE effects

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22
Q

What are the sulphuric amino acids?

A

Cysteine, Methionine

SULPHUR Creates Malodours

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23
Q

What are the amide amino acids?

A

Asparagine, Glutamine

AMID us Are Ghosts

24
Q

What are the aromatic amino acids?

A

Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan

AROMATIC People Try Tripping

25
Q

What are the nucleophilic amino acids?

A

Serine, Threonine, Cysteine

26
Q

What are the alcohol amino acids?

A

Serine, threonine

ALCOHOL is a SERIous THREat

27
Q

When reading a DNA sequence and using the mRNA codon table, to determine the amino acids formed, what is the first step?

A

You have to work out the matching base pair sequence. So A becomes U, T becomes A, G becomes C and C becomes G.

28
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA -> RNA

29
Q

What is translation?

A

RNA -> Protein

30
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

Nucleus

31
Q

Why does transcription take place in the nucleus?

A

DNA is too big to leave, therefore its sequence is transcribed onto a strand of mRNA, which is small enough to leave through the nuclear pores

32
Q

Which molecule unzips the DNA strands?

A

Helicase

33
Q

After its coding, the mRNA is premature and requires additional steps. Outline the sequence required to mature the mRNA

A
  1. Add 5’ phosphorylated 7-methyl guanosine cap
  2. Add 3’ poly-A-tail
  3. Splice off introns
34
Q

Which end is given a cap?

A

5’

35
Q

What is the 5’ cap made from?

A

Phosphorylated 7-methyl guanosine

36
Q

Which enzyme adds the phosphorylated 7-methyl guanosine cap to the 5’ end of the pre-mRNA?

A

Guanyltransferase

37
Q

What are the three main functions of the 5’ cap?

A
  1. Ensures exportation of mRNA from nucleus
  2. Prevents degradation of mRNA by 5’ exonucleases
  3. Promotes translation
38
Q

What sequence signals the cleavage of the mRNA?

A

AUAAAA at the 3’ end

39
Q

What is done after cleaving the 3’ end of the mRNA?

A

200 adenosine residues are added as a tail

40
Q

Which enzyme cleaves the 3’ end?

A

Endonuclease

41
Q

Which enzyme adds the poly-A tail?

A

Poly-A-polymerase

42
Q

What are the three main functions of the poly-A-tail?

A
  1. Protect mRNA from 3’ exonucleases
  2. Ensures export of mRNA from the nucleus
  3. Terminates translation
43
Q

Why is splicing necessary?

A

During transcription, unused base sequences (introns) are formed. These introns need to be cut out

44
Q

How can a single gene code for many different proteins?

A

Splicing variations will lead to different codon sequences

45
Q

Describe a mature strand of mRNA

A

5’ cap - 5’ UTR - Start Codon - Coding Region - Sop Codon - 3’ UTR - 3’ Poly-A-Tail

46
Q

What two subunits form a ribosome?

A

60S and 40S

47
Q

In translation, what happens in the initiation phase?

A

Ribosome binds to 5’ end of mRNA, aminoacylated tRNA carrying methionine hydrogen bonds to the AUG start codon

48
Q

In translation, what happens during the elongation phase?

A

Addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain as aminoacylated tRNAs are matched to the sequence. Peptidyl transferase forms covalent peptide bonds between amino acids

49
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

Bond formed by dehydration synthesis. Bonds amino acids together. Carboxyl group and amino group joined and water is released.

50
Q

In translation, what happens during the termination phase?

A

Stop codon is reached and the ribosome separates (40S and 60S) and releases the polypeptide

51
Q

Once synthesised, what else needs to be done to make the protein functional?

A

Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure must be acquired through folding and assembly

52
Q

What causes Sickle Cell Anaemia?

A

Mutation that means Glutamic Acid is replaced with Valine

53
Q

What happens to blood cells in Sickle Cell Anaemia?

A

Haemoglobin crystallises and causes a sickle shaped. These cannot carry oxygen and get stuck in blood vessels

54
Q

What are the clinical consequences of Sickle Cell Anaemia?

A

Tissue ischaemia - causes pain and infarction

Immunity to malaria

55
Q

How do you contract Sickle Cell Anaemia?

A

It is inherited or caused by a mutation in your own DNA

56
Q

Why is Sickle Cell Anaemia common in Sub-Saharan Africa?

A

It provides protection against malaria, and so has been passed on through natural selection

Biology (Semester 1) (10 decks)

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