L4: Lipids Flashcards
What elements are lipids composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes phosphorus
Are lipids generally polar or non-polar?
Non-polar
Are lipids generally soluble in water?
No
Are lipids generally soluble in non-polar solvents?
Yes
Can lipids be polymers?
No - they are not formed from monomers
Why do lipids group together in water?
Hydrophobic interactions
Triglyceride is a lipid formed from what subunits?
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Triglycerides are formed by what kind of reaction?
Dehydration synthesis
Triglycerides are broken down by what kind of reaction?
Hydrolysis
Which enzymes assists the digestion of triglycerides?
Lipase
Is palmitate saturated or unsaturated?
Saturated (no C=C bonds)
Is Oleate saturated or unsaturated?
Unsaturated (contains C=C bonds)
What causes the bend in the structure of oleate?
C=C bond
Which fatty acids form liquids at room temperature, saturated or unsaturated?
Unsaturated
What is the structural difference between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids?
The location of the first carbon-carbon double bond. In omega-3, it is between carbon #3 and 4; in omega-6, it is between carbon #6 and 7
Which fatty acids form solids at room temperature, saturated or unsaturated?
Saturated
What basic structure characterises steroids?
Four fused carbon rings
What is the most basic steroid?
Lanosterol
Lanosterol is formed by cyclisation of which molecule?
Squalene
Testosterone, progesterone, and oestrogen are examples of what kind of steroid?
Sex hormones
Aldosterone and cortisol are examples of what kind of steroid?
Corticosteroids
True or false: cholesterol is a type of steroid
True
What is a phospholipid?
A lipid with a phosphate group in the place of a fatty acid
Which part of the phospholipid is polar? The phosphate group or the fatty acid groups?
Phosphate group
Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic? The phosphate group or the fatty acid groups?
Fatty acid groups
Give an example of a secosteroid
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
What condition develops from a deficiency in Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
Osteoporosis/Rickett’s
Which part of the phospholipid forms the tail? The phosphate group or the fatty acid groups?
Fatty acid groups
Which part of the phospholipid is soluble in water? The phosphate group or the fatty acid groups?
Phosphate group
Which part of the phospholipid forms the head? The phosphate group or the fatty acid groups?
Phosphate group
What is a glycolipid?
A lipid attached to an oligosaccharide
What forms the blood markers that determine one’s blood group?
Glycolipids
What is a lipoprotein?
Lipid attached to a protein
Where are soluble compounds that transport lipids usually formed?
Liver
Put the following in order of size (largest first):
Chylomicron HDL LDL VLDL IDL
Chylomicron VLDL IDL LDL HDL
Put the following in order of density (most dense first):
Chylomicron HDL LDL VLDL IDL
HDL LDL IDL VLDL Chylomicron
Put the following in order of triglyceride content (highest TG content first):
Chylomicron HDL LDL VLDL IDL
Chylomicron VLDL IDL LDL HDL
Which lipoprotein carries “good cholesterol”, HDL or LDL?
HDL
What are the are the 4 stages of thrombosis?
- Atheroma
- Cap/scar
- Stress
- Thrombosis
What is the ideal amount of total cholesterol in your body?
A) >60 mg/dL
B) <100 mg/dL
C) <150 mg/dL
D) <200 mg/dL
D) <200mg/dL
What is the ideal amount of triglycerides in your blood?
A) >60 mg/dL
B) <100 mg/dL
C) <150 mg/dL
D) <200 mg/dL
C) <150 mg/dL
What is the ideal amount of HDL in your blood?
A) >60 mg/dL
B) <100 mg/dL
C) <150 mg/dL
D) <200 mg/dL
A) >60 mg/dL
What is the ideal amount of LDL in your blood?
A) >60 mg/dL
B) <100 mg/dL
C) <150 mg/dL
D) <200 mg/dL
B) <100 mg/dL
Where are triglycerides stored?
As droplets in the cytoplasm of adipose cells
What is myelin?
Insulation around nerve fibres
Where is myelin produced?
Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
At which three abdominal locations can you find adipose tissue?
Subcutaneous, visceral, retroperitoneal
What is a panniculus?
Dense layer of fat that hangs down from the abdomen.
