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Biology (Semester 1) > L3: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

L3: Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What ratio of elements are found in carbohydrates?

A

1 carbon : 2 hydrogen : 1 oxygen

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2
Q

How are carbohydrates formed?

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water

Carbo = carbon; hydrates = water

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3
Q

Where does this process occur in nature?

A

In plants, carbohydrates are formed through photosynthesis.

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4
Q

Where do plants gets the energy to form the bonds in carbohydrates?

A

UV energy. It is locked in C-H bonds

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5
Q

How do organisms use carbohydrates?

A

Energy. Body transports energy in the form of complex carbohydrates and then hydrolyses the molecules to unlock the energy in the bonds.

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6
Q

What are three functions of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Rapid energy for cellular reactions
  2. Molecular structures (e.g. DNA sugar-phosphate backbone)
  3. Cell surface markers (blood group markers)
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7
Q

What are the simplest carbohydrates called?

A

Monosaccharides

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8
Q

What is the suffix when naming monosaccharides?

A

-ose

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9
Q

How many carbon atoms can a monosaccharide have?

A

3-10

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10
Q

What is pentose?

A

A monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms

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11
Q

What would you name a monosaccharide with 4 carbon atoms?

A

Tetrose

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12
Q

Which functional groups are found in monosaccharides?

A

Hydroxyl, aldehyde, and ketone

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13
Q

What do you name a monosaccharide that has 5 carbons and an aldehyde group?

A

Aldopentose

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14
Q

Is glucose an aldose or a ketose?

A

Aldose

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15
Q

Is fructose an aldose or a ketose?

A

Ketose

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16
Q

What is a deoxy- monosaccharide?

A

Where a hydroxyl group is replaced by H. Include the carbon number that has been deoxylated. e.g. 2-deoxy-ribose

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17
Q

In stereoisomerism, which of the following are the same and which are different?

  • Chemical formula
  • Bond types and orders
  • Spatial arrangements
  • Biological functions
A

Same:

  • Chemical formula
  • Bond types and orders

Different:

  • Spatial arrangements
  • Biological functions
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18
Q

What is a chiral carbon?

A

A carbon with 4 different things attached to it

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19
Q

True or false: monosaccharides can exist in cyclic structures

A

True

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20
Q

How many C-H bonds are found in glucose?

A

7

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21
Q

How many C-H bonds are found in fructose?

A

7

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22
Q

After cyclisation of fructose, what type of ring is formed?

A

Furan - 4 carbons, 1 oxygen. Other carbons are found on branches

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23
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides linked together

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24
Q

How do you form a disaccharide?

A

Dehydration synthesis

25
Q

What biological molecules assist the formation of disaccharides?

A

Enzymes

26
Q

What type of bond joins two monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic link

27
Q

What is the primary function of a disaccharide?

A

Nutritional source of monosaccharides

28
Q

What are the monosaccharides in Maltose?

A

Glucose + Glucose

alpha 1,4 glycosidic link

29
Q

What are the monosaccharides in Lactose?

A

Glucose + Galactose

beta 1,4 glycosidic link

30
Q

What are the monosaccharides in Sucrose?

A

Glucose + Fructose

alpha 1,2 glycosidic link

31
Q

How are disaccharides broken down?

A

Hydrolysis with enzyme assistance

32
Q

Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are examples of what?

A

Disaccharide

33
Q

Why are monosaccharides sometimes converted to oligo- and poly-saccharides?

A

To make them insoluble so they can be stored, be used in structures, or take part in cellular processes

34
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

A protein that has oligosaccharide chains (glycan) attached covalently

35
Q

What is a glycolipid?

A

A lipid that has oligosaccharide chains (glycans) attached covalently

36
Q

What glycosylated molecules are important in immune recognition?

A

Glycoproteins in the cell membrane

37
Q

What are mucins?

A

Secreted glycoproteins that form either components of mucous or saliva

38
Q

What are GAGs?

A

Jokes. Jk, they are glycosaminoglycans. These are long, unbranched chains of repeating disaccharide units.

39
Q

What are the two base components of glycosaminoglycans?

A

Amino sugars and uronic acids

40
Q

True or false: GAGs are hydrophobic.

A

False. They are hydrophilic (-ve charge)

41
Q

True or false: GAGs form gels.

A

True.

42
Q

True or false: GAGs have a high viscosity and low compressibility.

A

True.

43
Q

True or false: GAGs are good lubricants.

A

True.

44
Q

True or false: GAGs add structural integrity.

A

True.

45
Q

True or false: GAGs that are attached to proteins are known as mucopolysaccharides.

A

False. Mucopolysaccharides are NOT attached to proteins.

46
Q

What do you call GAGs that are attached to proteins?

A

Proteoglycans

47
Q

Chondroitin is an example of what molecule? What are its functions?

A

Proteoglycan - cartilage, heart valves and bones

48
Q

Hyaluronic Acid is an example of what molecule? What are its functions?

A

Mucopolysaccharide - lubricant and shock absorber in synovial fluid and vitreous humour of the eye

49
Q

What kind of molecule is usually associated with phospholipids on the outer surface of the cell membrane?

A

Glycolipids

50
Q

When associated with phospholipids, what are the common functions of glycolipids?

A

Recognition signals, attachment factors, membrane stabilisers

51
Q

Ceramide, sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, and gangliosides are all examples of what type of molecule?

A

Sphingolipids, which are a subtype of glycolipid

52
Q

True or false: The most common type of starch is Amylopectin

A

True. It accounts for 70-80% of starch molecules and is a brush shape (like a T, where the lines are helical)

53
Q

True or false: Amylose assumes a straight, unbranched shape.

A

False. It is a helical coil shape, and it accounts for 20-30% of starch molecules

54
Q

True or false: Starch is the main source of carbohydrate in the diet.

A

True. It is found in the amyloplasts and chloroplasts of plant cells

55
Q

True or false: Starch is digested by amylase and lactase.

A

False. It is digested by amylase and maltase

56
Q

True or false: Starch is the main storage polymer of animals.

A

False. It is the main storage polymer of plants.

57
Q

True or false: Glycogen is the main storage polymer of animals.

A

True. It is stored in the liver and muscle cells.

58
Q

True or false: Glycogen branches more frequently than starch.

A

True. With branch points occurring every 8 to 12 residues.

59
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

The position of the H and OH on the first carbon determine whether it is alpha or beta. In a-glucose, the H is up top. In b-glucose, the H is down.

Biology (Semester 1) (10 decks)

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