L8

Question 1

defining feature of major depression

Answer 1

loss of pleasure AKA anhedonia/dysphoria.

Question 2

chronic vs severe depresion

Answer 2

chronic = persist for at least 2 weeks
severe = dramatically impact daily functioning

Question 3

major depression generally accompanied by?

Answer 3

feelings of guilt and grief

Question 4

take in factual info but misinterpret to align with depression-related beliefs

Answer 4

delusion of facts

– walk around hospital more than yesterday, improvement! no, they changed the halls, it was only half as much.

Question 5

symptom of depression - remembering images study

Answer 5

clinical depression vs healthy
depression = remembered negative pics better
healthy = remembered positive pics better

Question 6

slowing down of physical ability to move

Answer 6

psychomotor retardation

• no energy to move
• sleep disturbance impedes deep sleep = impede restfulness less energy.

Question 7

atypical depression characterized by?

Answer 7

not mobilizing enough stress hromones - can contribute to psychomotor retardation

Question 8

depression presentation & glucocort

Answer 8

usually significantly elevated stress hormones = impede deep sleep, less restful, less energy = psychomotor retardation

Question 9

3 forms of depression - work on what?

Answer 9

unipolar: depressed or ok
bipolar: ok, depressed, manic
seasonal: affected by enviro aka no sun.
cycle = cycle’s have strong biological underpinning to depression

Question 10

heritability % in genes?

Answer 10

38% in genes.
- likely people are predisposed to depression.
twin study: corrleation between twin diagnosed with depression and likelihood of other twin being diagnosed.
f-f MZ = 0.44, mm- dz & mf dz = 0.11. ff-dz > risk than MM MZ

Question 11

NT and depression

Answer 11

abnoraml NA, 5-HT, DA - treatments act on these.
- SSRI: prevent 5-HT reuptake into presynaptic neuron = greater chance to hit post-synaptic neuron
MAO inhibitors: stop MAO from degrading 5-ht, more time in synapse = more downstream neuronal activation

Question 12

relation btw gut and 5-ht

Answer 12

gut is hgih in 5-ht receptors. correlation with gut bacteria out of whack & depression.
- deficiency in magnesium, important as enzyme for 5-ht and da

Question 13

low 5-ht and depression

Answer 13

= incessant ideation, perseverating on idea.

• ocd affected by this as well.
• need more 5-ht

Question 14

NA and depression

Answer 14

increase = increase brain activation

Question 15

DA fxn in brain

Answer 15

pleasure centre

- maybe decrease in depression therefore anhedonia

Question 16

anterior cingulate cortes - function

• activated when?
• prolonged depression on acc?

Answer 16

attune to emotion, especially negative emotion.
activated when excluded, lack social support
- prolonged depression = sever connection btw acc and limbic system

Question 17

stress and depression tend to go togehter

Answer 17

prone to depression, experience stressors at higher than expected rate.

• more stressors experiences w depression
• more stressors assoc w social exclusion

Question 18

more life stress & depression

Answer 18

more life stressors = more likely to succumb to major depression (first episode) compared to someone with fewer stressors
DA - need more to feel pleasure when stress hormones are elevated.

Question 19

cushing’s syndrome

Answer 19

cushing - excess glucocort = more depression than those w equal severity, but diff tumor.
- synthetic glucocort treatment - higher depression in those treated with synthetics than not

Question 20

genes, stress & depression.

Answer 20

twin study: stress effects major depression onset. - no stress = twin affected or not makes no difference.
with stress:
affected MZ twin = highest risk, affected dz, unaffected mz, unaffected dz.

Question 21

personality protective factor against depression

Answer 21

conscientiousness

Question 22

diathesis-stress model

• alcoholism
• ptsd, hippocampus
• interplay btw genetics and enviro

Answer 22

genetic vulnerability to alcoholism, expression of predisposition may be dependent on access to alcohol.

• small hippocmpus + stressor = more likely to develop PTSD.
• if highly vulnerable, smaller stressor will affect you more.

Question 23

atypical depression

Answer 23

lower than normal glucocorticoid levels

- incapacitating physical and psychological exhaustion contribute to psychomotor retardation.

Question 24

typical depression

- feedback resistance

Answer 24

elevated levels of glucocorticoids. overactive stress response.
- smaller hippocampus + major depression = high glucocort. damage to hippocampus (= memory impairment) - hippo wont turn hypo off = constant gluco release = more damage to hippo.

Question 25

glucocorticoids affect NT receptors and hormones can cause:

Answer 25

immunosuppression, osteoporosis, heart disease.

Question 26

anitglucocorticoids?

Answer 26

adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors = stop adrenal from producing. problem - need for natural waking up, may cause fatigue
block glucocort receptors = fewer side effects.

Question 27

psychodynamics - freud & depression

Answer 27

believed depression involved loss of a love object (something you feel strongly about)
- ambivalence to love, when lose love object deal w ambivalence.

Question 28

psychodynamics transient bad mood

Answer 28

mourning. reconcile +/- feelings & moves on.

Question 29

psychogynamics major depression - characterized by?

Answer 29

melancholia - can’t reconcile.
guilty: had negative feeling, in a way happy they’re gone.
characteristics: take on characteristics, honour by embodying love object.
aggression turned inward = depressino, anger = exhausting - no energy.

Question 30

learned helplessness in animals

Answer 30

similar to major depression

• pathological exposure or excessive negative aspects of psychological factors to stress = no longer care. give up.
• found in humans in card sorting task with no rules.

Question 31

avoidance box rats

Answer 31

escape with signal, or no escaping. after both receive escape training. much fewer of the previously non-escapable rate didnt escape when they couldve = passively accepted what was givven.

Question 32

depression + deficits

Answer 32

motivational deficit: no response initiated
cognitive deficit: failed to show learning, didnt connect reward to moving
emotional deficit: passively accepted shocks.

Question 33

immunization effect

Answer 33

if animals/humans have prior exposure to actions do influence consequences. less likely to generalize that actions dont influence outcome therefore less likely to develop learned helplessness.

Question 34

learned helplessness related to?

Answer 34

depression and optimism.

Question 35

depression & uncontrollable events lead to?

Answer 35

depression and uncontrollable events lead to motivation, cognitive and emotional deficits.

Question 36

generalization of loss of control &depression

Answer 36

• generalize that uncontrollable situation was their fault & everything else that sucks is your fault too.
• uncontrollability attributed to failures = assumed to be persistent and global

Question 37

pessimistic explanatory style

Answer 37

• actions dont influence what happens, = persistent.

- global: own personal failures, everything sucks.

Question 38

optimism

Answer 38

events are globally and persistently affected by one’s behaviour

• more in control: bad things won’t be permanent, wont pervade other areas of life.
• less likely to develop learned helplessness

Question 39

external vs internal locus of control - who’s more likely to develop learned helplessness

Answer 39

external locus of control - event is due to situation, not me. something happens - more likely to generalize, globally and persistently = more likely to develop learned helplessness.
internal more stressed from uncontrollable stressor