L8 * Flashcards
what will happen if you put 1 ml of broth onto a plate
it would most likely flood it
what does an antibiotic do
selectively kills bacteria when applied to the host, but does not hurt the host
what is bactericidal
explodes the cell (lysis)
what does bacteriostatic do
prevents growth
what is a mechanism of action
target/way it kills
what does a narrow spectrum of activity mean
killing of specific stuff
where is the toxic dose line on a graph
high up
what a therapeutic index
toxic dose/effective dose
whats a natural antibiotic
made by some other living thing
whats a semi synthetic antibiotic
modified using chemistry to change something specific
what is a synthetic antibiotic
only chemistry was used to make this
do synthetic antibiotics require a living thing to make it
no
can you reach a level of antibiotic that is bad for you
of course
what is an effective dose
amount needed to inhibit the bacteria and growth
what is a toxic dose
antibiotic that could damage to the host
can some bacteria have a high therapeutic index
yes
whats the importance of tasking pills when you are supposed to
so you stay at the narrow effective range (therapeutic index)
do bacteria complete with each other? why or why not?
yes
to be more evolutionary successful and kill off the things around to maintain nutrients available
what are the two antibiotics in polysporin
bacitracin
polymyxin
if an organism is ________ to humans, it is hard to treat
similar
what antibiotic works well as a narrow spectrum against mycobacteria
Isoniazid
are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic
prokaryotic
is a fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic
eukaryotic
how would you target a fungi because they are also prokaryotic?
their chitin cell wall
what do viruses use to reproduce themselves
host cells
why are antiviral antibiotics hard
because they use host cell enzymes, but so do we so there are not many targets for viruses
what are some bacterial target (4)
plasma membrane
cell wall
nucleic acid transcription/translation (different enzymes than humans)
bacterias enzymes that they need to live
what targets the cell wall
penicillin
cephalosporins
what do cell wall inhibitors do ? what do they contain
penicillin and cephalosporins will cause cell lysis
they contain B-lactam rings
what type of bacteria does penicillin work on
against gram +
what lysis E coli
ampicillin
what do protein synthesis inhibitors do
they cause bacteria static
what are some common drugs that are protein synthesis inhibitors
chloramphenicol
streptomycin
neomycin
tetracycline
what antibiotic poisons mitochondria
chloramphenicol
what antibiotic during pregnancy can lead to deafness in the baby
streptomycin (protein synthesis inhibitor)
what antibiotic can affect developing teeth
tetracycline (protein synthesis inhibitor )
what antibiotics target the plasma membrane
polymyxins
daptomycin
when something is in a tube, what is that normally for?
to show that it shouldn’t be injected systemically
what are the nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
rifamycin
ciprofloxin
what kind of inhibitor is rifamycin
inhibits mRNA synthesis
what kind of inhibitor is ciproflexin
prevents DNA replication
what is a metabolic inhibitor
sulfonamides
what does a metabolic inhibitor target
an enzyme that’s involved in metabolic activity
what was the first widely used antibiotic
sulfonamides
how do sulphonamides work
prevent bacteria from making folate
no folic acid = __________
no life
do we make folic acids
no we need to eat them
what tests determine if an antibiotic works against a bacteria (2)
disk diffusion assays
epsilomete tests
does the size of halos tell us how effective an antibiotic is against a bacteria in sensitivity testing
no - just tells us that it is effective
disk diffusion assays
putting paper dipped in antibiotics on a bacteria plate and seeing halos
what is an epsilometer test
changing the dose of antibiotics in a gradient and applying it to bacteria
what is MIC in an epsilometer test
minimal inhibitory concentration
the minimal amount needed to inhibit growth of bacteria
