L8

Question 1

what is episodic memory

Answer 1

what and where something happens

Question 2

what was seen when HM was asked to estimate time

Answer 2

Short term memory last for about 20 sec therefore when asking Hm about time he can do it fine for under 20s but after that his performance drops off

Question 3

what is a core deficit with patients with hippocampal lesions

Answer 3

their inability to narrate events in the order in which they happened

Question 4

when hippical lesson patients were compeered to normal individuals what was seen when asked about their memory of sequences of events

Answer 4

there memory was very poor and when they wee first asked there recall was about the same as the controls a month later

Question 5

what is recognition memory

Answer 5

if you were to present an individual with hippocampal damage with a word. they would not remember the word at a later date but if you asked them to guess then they would guess the correct thing

Question 6

how would you use recognition memory to test for sequential memory in hippocampal damage patient

Answer 6

by giving them paired words eg locomotive dishtowel and then ask them what order that you presented the word to them they will preform as well as the controls do

Question 7

what provides evidence that there are time cells in the hippocampus

Answer 7

if you get a rat to run on a treadmill for 15 sec then different cells will fire in the hipp at different time points

Question 8

what do time cells in the hipp suggest

Answer 8

If time perception depends on activity in neural systems then perception can be altered by changes in neural system activity

Question 9

what would happen if the internal clock speeds up

Answer 9

time estimation will feel longer

THC does this

Question 10

what is chronostasis

Answer 10

the feeling of time stopping

Question 11

what causes chronostasis to happen

Answer 11

During Saccade – visual system suppresses input

Upon Fixation – nervous system fills in gap retrospectively

if you move your eyes rapidly (eg less than 100ms) then the shifting gose would be blurry so the nervous system inhibits visual input and fills in the gaps

Question 12

what is the flash lag illusion

Answer 12

The blue looks bigger than the red but the squares are the same size

This happens because the nervous system is predicting where they expect to see the square

Therefore you are seeing it where it is going to be not where it is

This is because the brain is more interested in what is going to happen next not what is happening now

Question 13

what is predictive perception

Answer 13

when the nervous system detects something where it will be rather than where it is

Question 14

does time slow down when in near death situations

Answer 14

there is no evidence for this

Question 15

what is reactivation

Answer 15

content-sensitive

patterns of neural activity expressed during perceptual experiences are re-expressed when experiences are remembered

Question 16

activity mapping between encoding and retrieval is not exact.
Why might that be?

Answer 16

because of noise in the system

distinct origin of inputs (perceptual vs temporal cortex)

shifts towards conceptual representations (consolidation)

reconsolidation of memory

Question 17

what is consolidation

Answer 17

going from an active liable state to a inactive fixed state

this takes time

Question 18

why do some memories endure (with example)

Answer 18

we recall memories that have emotoions linked to them

when 9/11 witnesses were asked to recall events of that day. the ones that were closest to the attack had the highest level of arousal because the closer you were the stronger the memories

Question 19

what have animal studies shown in relation to the CNS and memory

Answer 19

Animal studies show that memory is enhanced by administration of low doses of CNS stimulants to rats and mice shortly after training,
but not after a delay period

Question 20

what is, where is, and what does adrenaline do

Answer 20

Is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter.

The adrenal medulla,
the inner portion of the adrenal gland, regulates and secretes adrenaline in response to stress.

It produces a rapid reaction –
fight or flight response
•increased heart rate and blood flow
•faster breathing
•raised blood sugar levels
•increased strength and physical performance

Question 21

adrenaline does not cross the blood brain barrier very well. how does it effect the brain

Answer 21

influences the brain via activation of the vagus nerve

Therefore the signal gets to the brain but not directly

Question 22

what is cortisol

Answer 22

A steroid hormone in the corticosteroid class of hormones

Question 23

what is cortisol involved in

Answer 23

Involved in a range of processes including metabolism and

immune response

Question 24

when used as a medication what is cortisol called

Answer 24

hydrocortisone

Question 25

what triggers the release of cortisol

Answer 25

stress this is a slow response

Question 26

where is cortisol produced and what controls the release

Answer 26

produced primarily by the adrenal glands

Release controlled by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis

Question 27

cortisol is able to cross the BBB well

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

what part of the brain do cortisol and adrenaline effect/what do they do here

Answer 28

the amygdala

they increase the likelihood that those memories will be consolidated by increasing noradrenaline which modulates the hippocampus, cortex and other brain regions

Question 29

what is memorie for

Answer 29

Episodic future thinking (EFT): Imagining or simulating a specific episode that might occur in ones’ personal future

People with hip damage not only don’t have good memory of the past but they also cant imagine what is going to happen in the future

Question 30

if people have better episodic memory what does this mean in the hippocampus

Answer 30

that it is bigger