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Pharmacy Y1 Hyp- Pharmocology > L79- Physiology: Blood vessels+CV > Flashcards

L79- Physiology: Blood vessels+CV Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made up of?

A

heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

how many valves are there in the heart ?

A

4

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3
Q

what are the 4 valves in the heart called?

A
  • Bicuspid (mitral)
  • Tricuspid
  • pulmonary valve
  • aortic valve
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4
Q

why do the papillary muscles contract with the ventricles?

A

to prevent back-flow

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5
Q

How is blood pumped around the body?

A

using blood pressure

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6
Q

what side of the heart is oxygenated?

A

left side

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7
Q

where does the blood from the right side of the heart pump to?

A

goes to the lungs

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8
Q

what are the different 3 layers in the heart wall?

A
  • endothelium and endocardium
  • myocardium (heart muscle)
  • epicardium (outer layer)
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9
Q

what happens to the sarcomere when the muscle contracts?

A

gets shorter

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10
Q

actin the thin or thick filament?

A

thin

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11
Q

what are intercalated discs?

A

cardiac muscle fibres branch and are interconnected by intercalated discs, which contain 2 types of membrane junctions

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12
Q

what are some properties of heart muscles?

A
  • striated
  • branched
  • joined by intercalated discs
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13
Q

what are desmosomes?

A

a type of membrane junction food in intercalated discs they are mechanically important. Join 2 cells together

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14
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

a type of membrane junction food in intercalated discs they are electrically important, In the transmission of an action potential

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15
Q

what is a pericardial sac and whats its role?

A
  • double walled sac
  • tough covering= anchors the heart
  • pericardial fluid
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16
Q

what is happening during diastole?

A

the ventricles are filling up with blood the AV valves are open and closed open to fill ventricles, but

17
Q

what is happening during systole?

A

when the ventricles are contracting

18
Q

how many cusps do the semi lunar valves have?

A

3

19
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

20
Q

what is the average HR?

A

70BPM

21
Q

How does the SA node help the heart contract?

A

SA node reaches threshold resulting in action potential which spreads through heart and induces heart to contract or have ‘heartbeat’ – occurs about 70 times in a min

22
Q

what affects stroke volume?

A

changes in venous return (Intrinsic control)
changes in sympathetic stimulation (Extrinsic control)
changes in afterload (disease)

23
Q

what is after load?

A

the pressure the heart must work against to eject blood during systole

24
Q

what is End Diastolic Volume (EDV)?

A

Volume in the heart at the end of diastole

filled

25
Q

what affects sympathetic stimulation?

A 
 increase contractility (b-adrenoceptors) = STRENGTH 
 Greater Ca2+
 Greater cross-bridge cycling
 independent of EDV
 More complete ejection
26
Q

theres two circuits in the heart for blood flow, which side is involved in the systematic and pulmonary?

A

right- pulmonary

left- systematic

27
Q

arteries carry blood where? veins carry blood where?

A

away from heart- arteries

to heart- veins

28
Q

what are the 3 layers or tunics of the artery and veins?

A

 Tunica intima – innermost, includes the endothelium -
squamous cells
 Tunica media – middle, mainly circular smooth muscle and elastin
 Tunica adventitia –fibrous connective tissue, rich in collagen and elastin

29
Q

what is peripheral resistance?

A

the resistance of the arteries to blood flow

30
Q

what affects total peripheral resistance?

A

arteriolar radius and blood viscosity

31
Q

what affects resistnce?

A

vasodilation and vasoconstriction

32
Q

facts about the capillaries?

A
  • 5% of the blood

- exchange nutrients and metabolic products

33
Q

what are the 4 methods of capillary exchange?

A
  • Diffusion – concentration gradients– water filled channels (ions)
  • Vesicletransport(someproteins)
  • Bulk Flow – blood pressure vs osmosis – protein free plasma
  • Excess tissue fluid collected by lymph glands
34
Q

what type of resistance and pressure does veins have?

A

low resistance and pressure

35
Q

why are arteries elastic?

A

can stretch as increase of BP

Pharmacy Y1 Hyp- Pharmocology (8 decks)

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