L7 Intro Into Behavioural Science

Question 1

In health promotion, what are the 5 target areas to change?

Answer 1

A. Individual: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, personality
B. Interpersonal: family, friends, peers
C. Community: social networks, standards, norms
D. Institutional: rules, policies, informal structures
E. Public Policy: local policies related to healthy practices

Question 2

What is a behavioral science theory?

Answer 2

Theories and models help explain behavior, as well as suggest how to develop more effective ways to influence and change behavior.
There are two types of theory—explanatory theory and change theory.

Question 3

There are 4 constructs that intersect most behavioral theories that help understand behavior and behavior change. What are they?

Answer 3

They are environmental influences,
behavior change as a multistage process, intention versus action, and changing of behavior versus maintenance of behavior change.

Question 4

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 4

A person’s confidence in his or her ability to take action and to persist in that action despite obstacles or challenges is especially important for influencing health
behavior change efforts.

Question 5

How can a health professional help to increase a patients self-efficacy?

Answer 5

• setting small, incremental and achievable goals;
• using formalized behavioral contracting to establish goals and specify rewards
• monitoring and reinforcement, including patient
  self-monitoring by keeping records

Question 6

What is an example of a behaviour change contract?

Answer 6

• My behavior change will be: To snack less often on junk
  food.
• My long-term goal for this behaviour change is: Within three months, eat junk food snacks no more than once
  per week.
• A strategy that I will use to overcome obstacles: I will bring fruit and other healthy snacks to eat between
  classes.
• Resources I will use to help me change this behaviour include: Friend/partner/relatives: I will ask my roommates to not bring potato chips into the house.
• My short term goals: Eat a healthy snack three times per week within one month of making this contract.
• When I achieve my long-term goal, my reward will be: Tickets to a really good band.

Question 7

What are six constructs that influence people’s decisions about whether to take action to prevent, screen for, and control illness?

Answer 7

1. Perceived susceptibility: One’s opinion of chances of getting a condition
2. Perceived severity: One’s opinion of how serious a condition and its consequences are
3. Perceived benefits: One’s belief in the efficacy of the advised action to reduce risk or seriousness of impact
4. Perceived barriers: One’s opinion of the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action
5. Cues to action: Factors that activate readiness to change
6. Self-efficacy: Confidence in one’s ability to take action

Question 8

What are the 5 steps in a stage of change model?

Answer 8

Precontemplation
Contemplation (weighing the pros and cons of changing)
Preparation/determinism (to carry on as before or change)
Action (putting the change into action)
Maintenance (actively maintaining change)
> option is to relapse

Question 9

Explain what it means to say that behavior change is a process.

Answer 9

People/Communities/Organizations are at different stages of readiness to adopt healthful behaviors - a more tailored approach is appropriate.

• Behaviour change is a process, not an event.
• The TTM makes a clear distinction between the stages of contemplation and preparation and overt action (intentions versus actions).
• Sustained health behavior change involves multiple actions and adaptations over time

Question 10

Relapse prevention specifically focuses on strategies for

addressing maintenance of a recently changed behavior. What does it involve?

Answer 10

Involves developing self-management and coping strategies and establishing new behavior patterns that emphasize perceived control, environmental management, and improved self-efficacy.

Question 11

What are 5 questions you can ask to assess the readiness of a person to change?

Answer 11

1. Are you interested in making some changes to your diet? (Precontemplation or Relapse)
2. Are thinking about making changes to your diet soon?
   (Contemplation)
3. Are you ready to plan how you will you make these changes to your diet? (Preparation)
4. Are you in the process of making changes to your diet? (Action)
5. Are you trying to maintain these changes to your diet?
   (Maintenance)

Question 12

What are 2 uses for the stages of change model?

Answer 12

1. To help understand why people who are at risk of developing chronic diseases are resisting the actions to change.
2. Understanding where communities and organizations are at in the stages of change process.

Question 13

What is the basic context of the Social Change Theory?

Answer 13

SCT’s constructs describe the dynamic interaction
between environmental, personal, and behavioural factors to explain people’s behaviours.
SCT acknowledges that these factors continually interact in a process called reciprocal determinism.

Question 14

What is reciprocal determinism?

Answer 14

The dynamic interaction of the person, the behavior, and the environment in which the behavior is performed.

Question 15

What are the 5 concepts of the Social Change Theory?

Answer 15

Reciprocal Determinism
Behavioural capability
Self efficacy 
Observational Learning
Reinforcements

Question 16

What are the 4 concepts of Community-Based Participatory Research?

Answer 16

Respect
Communicate
Engage
Respond

Question 17

What is social marketing?

Answer 17

The application of commercial marketing strategies to the analysis, planning, implementation and evaluation of
programs. Social marketing is designed to influence voluntary behaviour to specific target audiences in order to improve their personal health and welfare and the overall health of a population.
We are “selling,” the benefits of behaviour change
– Adopting new habits/behaviours
– Stopping old habits/behaviours

Question 18

What is the difference between commercial marketing, advertising, and education?

Answer 18

Commercial marketing:
– Selling a product (good or service)
– Profit orientation (financial exchange)
Advertising:
– A tool to influence behaviour
– May be part of a marketing strategy
Education:
– Goal is to inform rather than change behaviour

Question 19

What are the steps in developing a social marketing plan?

Answer 19

• Determine the needs and wants of the target population
• Specify the benefits of the product or service (need to be greater than the existing behaviours).
• Conduct a situational analysis.
• Develop a marketing strategy (Product, place, price, promotion)
• Implement marketing strategy.
• Evaluate marketing plan.

Question 20

What are the 4P’s in social marketing strategy and referred to the “marketing mix”?

Answer 20

Product- The “product,” is the change you want to see!

Place - The actual location where the exchange takes place. Accessibility, convenience, and comfort for the client are criteria to consider. Also includes the channels of distribution required to deliver the product or service to the consumer.

Price - Consider both the tangible an intangible costs of changing a behaviour. You must persuade the consumer that the benefits to be received outweigh the perceived costs.

Promotion - The organization’s informative or persuasive
communication with the target market.
Promotion has 4 objectives:
– To inform and educate consumers about the existence of a product or service and its capabilities.
– To remind present and former users of the product’s
continuing existence.
– To persuade prospective purchasers (or adopter’s of a new behaviour) that the product is worth buying.
– To inform consumers about where and how to obtain and use the product.

Question 21

What is a situational analysis?

Answer 21

A detailed assessment of the environment including an evaluation of the consumer, the competition, and any other factors that may affect the program or business. Often called SWOT - strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats

Question 22

What is the primary audience and the secondary audience?

Answer 22

• Primary Audience:
– Intended users or purchasers of the product or service
• Secondary Audience(s):
– Referral sources that include physicians, social workers, teachers, and former clients.
– Other decision makers such as family members.

Question 23

What is market segmentation?

Answer 23

Potential markets should be divided further into distinct and homogeneous subgroups.