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biology 2: understanding health > L6: the body's defences > Flashcards

L6: the body's defences Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is the role of the heart

A

Pumps blood around the body

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2
Q

What two substances does the blood transportation to cells that are needed for respiration

A

Oxygen and glucose

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3
Q

What force slows a plane down

A

Air resistance

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4
Q

If a substance turns UI orange what is it

A

Acid

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5
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels called

A

Capillaries

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6
Q

What are elements that have properties of metals and non metals called

A

Metalloids

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7
Q

What orgam does the cranium protect

A

Brain

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8
Q

What do we call the pairs that muscles work in

A

Antagonistic pairs

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9
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint

A

Ball and socket joint

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10
Q

An element has 3 protons and 4 neutrons how many electrons will it have

A

3

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11
Q

Name two examples of pathogens

A

Bacteria and viruses

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12
Q

When bacteria invade the body, what do they release and what does it do

A

Toxins, making us fell unwell

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13
Q

Where do viruses reproduce

A

In cells

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14
Q

How do viruses make us feel sick

A

By damaging and killing cels

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15
Q

What are the defences that protect us from diseases called

A

Immune system

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16
Q

How many lines of defence does our immune system have

A

3

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17
Q

What is the first line of defence

A

Barriers to prevent infection

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18
Q

What is the second line of defence

A

General response to infection

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19
Q

What is the third line of defence

A

Immunity against specific pathogens

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20
Q

What does the first line of defence do

A

Tries to stop any pathogen getting in the body

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21
Q

What two types of barriers are in the first line of defence

A

Physical barriers and chemical barriers

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22
Q

Name four examples of our first line of defence

A

Skin

Mucous membranes in our breathing system

Chemical in tears

Stomach acid

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23
Q

How does our skin help our bodies against microbes

A

Prevents them from entering

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24
Q

How does our mucous membranes help our bodies against microbes

A

It catches and removes them

25
Q

How does the chemicals in our tears help our bodies against microbes

A

It kills them

26
Q

How does stomach acid help our bodies against microbes

A

Kills them

27
Q

What does the second line of defence in our bodies do

A

The white blood cells move in to destroy the pathogens

28
Q

Are all white blood cells the same

A

No

29
Q

Do all white blood cells have the same job

A

No

30
Q

What two white blood cells do we need to know about for our test

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

31
Q

Is the second line of defence specific about which pathogen it targets

A

No

32
Q

What do phagocytes do

A

It targets foreign cells and then surrounds and engulfs them

33
Q

What is the phagocyte’s process called

A

Phagocytosis

34
Q

What does the third line of defence in our bodies do

A

Special white blood cells destroy the pathogens

35
Q

What are these special white blood cells called

A

Lymphocytes

36
Q

What do the lymphocytes do

A
  • they recognise markers on the pathogens
  • they make antibodies specific for the pathogen
37
Q

What are the markers on pathogens called

A

Antigens

38
Q

How do the lymphocytes increase how many lymphocytes there are

A

Reproduces to make a clone army which can make millions of antibodies very quickly

39
Q

What happens after the lymphocytes make the antibodies

A

The phagocytes join in and help get rid of the pathogen

40
Q

What happens after our immune system has come across a pathogen’s antigen

A

It will remember it and will be able to fight it off quickly next time

41
Q

What is immunity

A

Once our bodies have fought off an infection we become immune

42
Q

What are memory cells

A

A special type of lymphocyte

43
Q

Where do the memory cells remain

A

In the blood

44
Q

If you get infected by the same pathogen again, what will the memory cells do

A

They will reproduce quickly and produce lots of antibodies

45
Q

How quickly do memory cells remove the pathogen from the body

A

Before it even has time to make you ill

46
Q

What do vaccines contain

A

Dead or weakened pathogens

47
Q

What do vaccines have which is important

A

They still have the antigen of the pathogen on

48
Q

How does our immune system respond to the antigen in a vaccine

A

As if it were the actual pathogen

49
Q

What is the effect of the vaccine

A

It leaves behind memory cells - you’re immune to this particular pathogen

50
Q

If you were vaccinated and got the pathogen you took a vaccines against, what happens

A

The memory cells reproduce and make antibodies very quickly

51
Q

After taking a vaccine, how fast would the response to the pathogen you took a vaccine against be

A

Destroys the pathogen before you get ill

52
Q

What is herd immunity

A

When a large population are immune to a pathogen making it harder for the pathogen to spread

53
Q

Finish the sentence, the more infectious the pathogen

A

The larger the immune population needs to be

54
Q

Name two ways herd immunity can be developed

A
  • Using vaccines
  • people catching and recovering from a patogen
55
Q

How do antibiotics work

A

They are chemicals that kill bacteria inside the body

56
Q

Do antibiotics work on viruses

A

No

57
Q

Why do we have to use antibiotics with care

A

More and more bacteria are becoming resistant to them

58
Q

Name one type of antibiotic

A

Penicillin

biology 2: understanding health (11 decks)

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