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biology 2: understanding health > L4: non-communicable diseases > Flashcards

L4: non-communicable diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is the role of the white blood cells

A

Defence against disease/infection

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2
Q

What two substances does the blood transport to cells that are needed for respiration

A

Oxygen and glucose

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3
Q

If a substance turns universal indicator blue what is it

A

Alkali

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4
Q

What are the arteries that supply the heart with blood called

A

Coronary arteries

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5
Q

What is the longest bone in the body

A

Femur (thigh bone)

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6
Q

What do we call the pair that muscles work in

A

Antagonistic pairs

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7
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint

A

Hinge

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8
Q

What force stops a boat from sinking

A

Upthrust

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9
Q

Where do new medicines come from

A

Nature, chemicals, genetic engineering

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10
Q

What is a candidate in medicine

A

Substances that might have the potential to become a new medicine

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11
Q

What is the timeline and development stages for a pharmaceutical product

A

The stages it takes to make a new medicine

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12
Q

What is the drug discovery?

A

This is where there is 5-10 000 candidates for a new medicine

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13
Q

What is the preclinical testing?

A

This is where there is 10-20 candidates for a new medicine

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14
Q

What is phase 1 in the clinical trials

A

Where there is 5 to 10 candidates for a new medicine

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15
Q

What is phase 2 in the clinical trials

A

Where there is 2 to 5 candidates for a new medicine

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16
Q

What is phase 3 in the clinical trials

A

Where there is 1 to 2 candidates for a new medicine

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17
Q

What is the licensing approval

A

Where there is 1 medicine

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18
Q

How can the search for new medicines start (first step of preclinical trials)

A

Can start with natural chemicals like plant extracts, genes, or antibodies

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19
Q

What is the second step to preclinical trials

A

Thousands of new chemicals can be modelled by computer and made in small quantities

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20
Q

What is the third step to preclinical trials

A

Whatever the source, potential treatments are mass screened against target proteins to see if effective

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21
Q

What is the last step to preclinical trials

A

Potential treatments that show promise may then go on to be tested in animals

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22
Q

What steps are in the preclinical trials?

A

Basic research, computer modelling, In vitro, animal research, safety testing

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23
Q

What is in vitro

A

Tests that can detect disease, conditions, infections

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24
Q

What steps are in the clinical trials

A

Testing on healthy people, testing on patients, randomised clinical trials, licencing, prescription

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25
Q

What is efficacy

A

How effective the medicine is

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26
Q

What is toxicity

A

How toxic or dangerous the drug is

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27
Q

What is dose

A

The amount of drug has to be taken so drug work and have least side-effects

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28
Q

What is preclinical trials

A

Drug-testing done in lab on cells, tissues & animals

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29
Q

What is clinical trials

A

Drug trials done on healthy volunteers and patients

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30
Q

What is a drug trial

A

Testing medicine on volunteer sometimes placebo used

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31
Q

What is a placebo

A

Fake drug so it shouldn’t have an effect

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32
Q

What is short for non-communicable diseases

A

NCDs

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33
Q

What are non-communciable diseases also known as

A

Chronic diseases

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34
Q

Do NCDs last for a long time (usually)

A

Yes

35
Q

What are NCDs caused by

A

A combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioual factors

36
Q

What does NCDs literally mean

A

Diseases you can’t catch from another person

37
Q

Name 4 NCDs you can have

A

Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes

37
Q

What are deaths under the age of 70 classified as

A

Premature deaths

38
Q

What is an example of a chronic respiratory disease

A

Asthma

39
Q

What does the narrowed airway do from asthma

A

Makes it difficult to breathe

40
Q

What are inhalers used for

A

Relax the muscles around the airway, opens them up, makes breathing easier

41
Q

Why does damage to the alveoli cause problems

A

It will lead to the accumulation of harmful chemicals like co2. The body doesn’t have enough oxygen to function, because gas exchanged can’t be done

42
Q

What is short for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

COPD

43
Q

What does COPD do

A
44
Q

What does emphysema do

A
45
Q

What is short for cardiovascular disease

A

CVD

46
Q

What is CVD a general term for

A

Conditions affecting the heart of blood vessels

47
Q

What is CVD usually associated with

A

Atherosclerosis and an increased risk of blood clots

48
Q

What is Atherosclerosis

A

Build up of fatty deposits inside the arteries

49
Q

What can CVD also be associated with

A

Damage to arteries in organs such as the brain, heart, kidneys and eyes

50
Q

what is CVD one of the main causes of in the uk

A

Death and disability

51
Q

Can CVD be prevented

A

It can often largely be stopped by leading a healthy lifestyle

52
Q

What do we call the balancing of our internal environment

A

Homeostatis

53
Q

What do our enzymes do

A

Control all of the reactions in our cells

54
Q

Why do we need homeostatis

A

Enzymes are very particular about stuff like temp and pH

55
Q

What is one thing that needs to be controlled in our body

A

The amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood

56
Q

What does our pancreas do

A

Releases a hormone (insulin) which lowers the blood sugar level when it gets too high

57
Q

What is a hormone

A

A chemical

58
Q

How does diabetes happen

A

When the pancreas’ function goes wrong

59
Q

Is type 1 diabetes preventable

A

No

60
Q

Is the treatment for type 1 diabetes good

A

Yes

61
Q

In type 1 diabetes what do our immune cells do

A

Kills of the cells in the pancreas that make insulin

62
Q

What is the problem with the insulin in type 1 diabetes

A

There is not enough to control the sugar in the blood

63
Q

How is the lack of insulin treated

A

Insulin injections

64
Q

How common is type 2 diabetes

A

The most common diabetes (90% of cases)

65
Q

How preventable is type 2 diabetes

A

The most preventable diabetes

66
Q

List 3 ways to prevent type 2 diabetes

A

Exercise for at least 2.5hrs a week, maintain healthy weight, don’t smoke

67
Q

What do cells need to do to grow

A

They need to divide to rep,sce themselves (repair)

68
Q

How controlled is the process of dividing cells

A

Tightly controlled

69
Q

What happens when the cells begin to divide in an uncontrolled way

A

Cancer is caused

70
Q

How common is cancer

A

1 in 2 people will get it at some point in their lives

71
Q

How many types of cancer are there

A

More than 200

72
Q

How many will survive cancer

A

Most people

73
Q

What is the probability of cases that can be prevented in the UK

A

4 in 10

74
Q

What is the largest preventable cause of cancer in the uk

A

Smoking

75
Q

How can skin cancer be easily cured

A

If caught early

76
Q

Name 4 behaviours we can change that will help reduce the risk of NCDs

A

Don’t smoke and avoid second-hand smoke, reduce salt intake, reduce/avoid alcohol, get plenty of physical activity

77
Q

Name 4 metabolic changes that increase the risk of NCDs

A

Raised blood pressure, obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia

78
Q

What is hyperglycemia

A

High blood glucose levels

79
Q

What is hyperlipidemia

A

High levels of fat in the blood

80
Q

How much of diabetes and heart disease can be cured today

A

80%

81
Q

How much of cancers are preventable

A

one third

82
Q

Where do the most effective strategies for reducing the burden of NCDs lie

A

Outside the health system

biology 2: understanding health (11 decks)

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