L4: non-communicable diseases Flashcards
What is the role of the white blood cells
Defence against disease/infection
What two substances does the blood transport to cells that are needed for respiration
Oxygen and glucose
If a substance turns universal indicator blue what is it
Alkali
What are the arteries that supply the heart with blood called
Coronary arteries
What is the longest bone in the body
Femur (thigh bone)
What do we call the pair that muscles work in
Antagonistic pairs
What type of joint is the knee joint
Hinge
What force stops a boat from sinking
Upthrust
Where do new medicines come from
Nature, chemicals, genetic engineering
What is a candidate in medicine
Substances that might have the potential to become a new medicine
What is the timeline and development stages for a pharmaceutical product
The stages it takes to make a new medicine
What is the drug discovery?
This is where there is 5-10 000 candidates for a new medicine
What is the preclinical testing?
This is where there is 10-20 candidates for a new medicine
What is phase 1 in the clinical trials
Where there is 5 to 10 candidates for a new medicine
What is phase 2 in the clinical trials
Where there is 2 to 5 candidates for a new medicine
What is phase 3 in the clinical trials
Where there is 1 to 2 candidates for a new medicine
What is the licensing approval
Where there is 1 medicine
How can the search for new medicines start (first step of preclinical trials)
Can start with natural chemicals like plant extracts, genes, or antibodies
What is the second step to preclinical trials
Thousands of new chemicals can be modelled by computer and made in small quantities
What is the third step to preclinical trials
Whatever the source, potential treatments are mass screened against target proteins to see if effective
What is the last step to preclinical trials
Potential treatments that show promise may then go on to be tested in animals
What steps are in the preclinical trials?
Basic research, computer modelling, In vitro, animal research, safety testing
What is in vitro
Tests that can detect disease, conditions, infections
What steps are in the clinical trials
Testing on healthy people, testing on patients, randomised clinical trials, licencing, prescription
What is efficacy
How effective the medicine is
What is toxicity
How toxic or dangerous the drug is
What is dose
The amount of drug has to be taken so drug work and have least side-effects
What is preclinical trials
Drug-testing done in lab on cells, tissues & animals
What is clinical trials
Drug trials done on healthy volunteers and patients
What is a drug trial
Testing medicine on volunteer sometimes placebo used
What is a placebo
Fake drug so it shouldn’t have an effect
What is short for non-communicable diseases
NCDs
What are non-communciable diseases also known as
Chronic diseases
Do NCDs last for a long time (usually)
Yes
What are NCDs caused by
A combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioual factors
What does NCDs literally mean
Diseases you can’t catch from another person
Name 4 NCDs you can have
Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes
What are deaths under the age of 70 classified as
Premature deaths
What is an example of a chronic respiratory disease
Asthma
What does the narrowed airway do from asthma
Makes it difficult to breathe
What are inhalers used for
Relax the muscles around the airway, opens them up, makes breathing easier
Why does damage to the alveoli cause problems
It will lead to the accumulation of harmful chemicals like co2. The body doesn’t have enough oxygen to function, because gas exchanged can’t be done
What is short for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COPD
What does COPD do
What does emphysema do
What is short for cardiovascular disease
CVD
What is CVD a general term for
Conditions affecting the heart of blood vessels
What is CVD usually associated with
Atherosclerosis and an increased risk of blood clots
What is Atherosclerosis
Build up of fatty deposits inside the arteries
What can CVD also be associated with
Damage to arteries in organs such as the brain, heart, kidneys and eyes
what is CVD one of the main causes of in the uk
Death and disability
Can CVD be prevented
It can often largely be stopped by leading a healthy lifestyle
What do we call the balancing of our internal environment
Homeostatis
What do our enzymes do
Control all of the reactions in our cells
Why do we need homeostatis
Enzymes are very particular about stuff like temp and pH
What is one thing that needs to be controlled in our body
The amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood
What does our pancreas do
Releases a hormone (insulin) which lowers the blood sugar level when it gets too high
What is a hormone
A chemical
How does diabetes happen
When the pancreas’ function goes wrong
Is type 1 diabetes preventable
No
Is the treatment for type 1 diabetes good
Yes
In type 1 diabetes what do our immune cells do
Kills of the cells in the pancreas that make insulin
What is the problem with the insulin in type 1 diabetes
There is not enough to control the sugar in the blood
How is the lack of insulin treated
Insulin injections
How common is type 2 diabetes
The most common diabetes (90% of cases)
How preventable is type 2 diabetes
The most preventable diabetes
List 3 ways to prevent type 2 diabetes
Exercise for at least 2.5hrs a week, maintain healthy weight, don’t smoke
What do cells need to do to grow
They need to divide to rep,sce themselves (repair)
How controlled is the process of dividing cells
Tightly controlled
What happens when the cells begin to divide in an uncontrolled way
Cancer is caused
How common is cancer
1 in 2 people will get it at some point in their lives
How many types of cancer are there
More than 200
How many will survive cancer
Most people
What is the probability of cases that can be prevented in the UK
4 in 10
What is the largest preventable cause of cancer in the uk
Smoking
How can skin cancer be easily cured
If caught early
Name 4 behaviours we can change that will help reduce the risk of NCDs
Don’t smoke and avoid second-hand smoke, reduce salt intake, reduce/avoid alcohol, get plenty of physical activity
Name 4 metabolic changes that increase the risk of NCDs
Raised blood pressure, obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia
What is hyperglycemia
High blood glucose levels
What is hyperlipidemia
High levels of fat in the blood
How much of diabetes and heart disease can be cured today
80%
How much of cancers are preventable
one third
Where do the most effective strategies for reducing the burden of NCDs lie
Outside the health system
