L6 SSD pt 2 Flashcards
pre-disposing factors definition
Factors which make a child more likely to develop SSD
examples of predisposing factors of SSD
- Sensory: hearing and vision e.g. persistent Otitis Media
- Neurological: motor planning and execution, structural
- Cognitive/ linguistic: including processing, not combining words at 2 years, stuttering, DLD
- Social-emotional: less sociable, more reactive - lower socialisation leads to less understanding of cues
- Low SES/maternal education at risk
- Structural: e.g. cleft palate, no teeth
- Gender: male
- Genetic: gender; family history.
precipitating factors definition
Factors which may make the SSD worse - usually within the last 6-12 months
examples of precipitating factors of SSD
- Hearing loss, ear infections
- General health
- Environmental stressors
- Opportunities and reinforcement
- Trauma
- Sucking habits eg bottle
perpetuating factors definition
Factors which stop the SSD from getting better
example of perpetuating factors
- Stasis on sensory, motor, cognitive, social issues (there has been no change for these factors thus the SSD can’t get better)
- Potential advantage implicit in presentation - encouraging it bc it’s “cute”
- Reinforcement from context - copying the child’s mispronouncination
- Failure to initiate change
four speech sound disorder classification systems
- Stages of development
- Underlying cause
- psycholinguistic model
- surface speech characteristics
who came up with stages of development and when
SSD classification system
Grunwell 1981
describe stages of development
SSD classification system
- Age nine months to 4 and a half
- Purely focuses on actually phonological ages and stages
- Not useful in clinical practice due to lack of info on risk or cause
who came up with underlying cause and when
SSD classification system
Shriberg 1997
describe shriberg’s underlying causes
SSD classification system
- Four different categories of speech disorders
- normal speech
- speech delay
- speech errors
- motor speech disorder
- Uses case history to discover risk factors
who came up with psycholinguistic model and when
SSD classification
Stackhouse and Wells 1997
6 processes in saying a word
psycholinguistic model - stackhouse & wells
- Recognise the picture and process information → visual processing
- Think of the word – find the name → Cognitive -linguistic skills
- Retrieve the sound form → phonological skills
- Translate that form into a motor plan → phonetic skills
- Execute that motor plan by articulating all the sounds, in the correct order → articulation skills
- Listen to your production to check the accuracy → auditory processing
describe psycholinguistic model
SSD classification system
- any breakdown in aforementioned underlying speech processes
- no subcategories - each child has a unique profile
who came up with surface speech characteristics and when
SSD classification systems
Dodd - 2014
