L1 Stuttering

Question 1

stuttering

Answer 1

a disruption to the flow and timing of speech (Perkins)
a disorder of speech encompassing motor speech, emotional and cognitive factors, impacting the life and experiences of a person who stutters in an unprecedented way

Question 2

characteristics of stuttering

Answer 2

• blocks
• repetitions of sounds, syllables, words, phrases
• Prolongations
• Secondary/struggle behviours
• Feeling of loss of control

Question 3

neurodiversity in stuttering

Answer 3

• Follows the social model of disability
• Following this model, the belief is that stuttering is a variation of speech, on par with fluency and by focusing on natural variation,the emphasis is removed from pathology and impairment

Question 4

considerations for assessment

Answer 4

• severity
• clients’ comfort with severity
• frequency
• ease of articulation
• location of disfluencies

Question 5

covert stutterinf features

Answer 5

what clients do to avoid their stutter
- As covert stuttering is emotionally tiring and has a psychological impact, the goal of speech therapy is for clients to stop stuttering.
- Therefore, people may stutter more after beginning speech therapy before they begin to stutter less

Question 6

impact of covert stuttering

Answer 6

• Shame, guilt, and role conflicts
• Consequences can also include secondary health impairments due to stress, such as painful headaches and stomach ulcers as well as drastic reductions in agency and quality of life (Constantiono, 2017)

Question 7

acquired stuttering

Answer 7

Neurogenicand psychogenic stuttering - onset later in life, not developmental

Question 8

neurogenic stuttering

Answer 8

• Stuttering that appears to be caused or exacerbated by neurological disease or damage (Guitar, 2006; p435)
• For example, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and neurogenerative disease (Onslow, 2021)

Question 9

stuttering characteristics of neurogenic stuttering

Answer 9

• Function as well as content words
• Stuttering is not restricted to initial syllables
  -dysarthria, aphasia and word finding difficulties (Theys, Van Wieringen, and De Nil, 2008)
• Secondary behaviours or nonverbal superfluous behaviours appear to be rare (Onslow, 2021), however if the stutter persists for long enough it can cause enough anxiety to bring about these behaviours

Question 10

psychogenic stuttering

Answer 10

a dysfluency that is somehow associated with a psychological problem or an emotional trauma

Question 11

red flag for psychogenic stuttering

Answer 11

Guitar suggests that if a client stutters more severely under fluency enhancing conditions psychogenic stuttering should be considered

Question 12

cluttering

Answer 12

Fluency disorder characterised by overly rapid or jerky speech patters that compromise intelligibility (Ward et al, 2015)

Question 13

key characteristics of cluttering

Answer 13

• Rapid and/or irregular articulatory rate
• Reduced intelligibility
• Frequency and type of dysfluencies
• Indistinct articulation (Van Zaalen et al, 2009), with particular difficulty with multisyllabic words
• Poor self monitoring
• Omission or elision of syllables
• Disorganised language
• Condenses words

Question 14

who came up with diagnostic theory and when

Answer 14

Wendell Johnson - 1950s/60s

Question 15

explain diagnostic theory

Answer 15

• Stuttering evolves from normal fluency breaks to which parents over react and mislabel as stuttering
• This mislabeling results in greater anticipation and struggle behaviour
• Therefore stuttering is created in the ear of the listener as normal fluency breaks are shaped into stuttering

Question 16

who came up with cerebral dominance theory and when

Answer 16

Ortan and Travis - 1931

Question 17

explain cerebral dominance theory

Answer 17

• The nervous system of a person with a stutter had not matured enough to achieve left hemisphere dominance over speech movements
• Resulting in lack of dominant hemisphere

Question 18

who came up with operant behaviour models of stuttering

Answer 18

Skinner - 1953

Question 19

explain operant conditioning models of stuttering

Answer 19

• Behaviour and consequence of the behaviour
• Therefore fluency breaks are shaped by the response they elicit

Question 20

who came up with covert repair hypothesis and when

Answer 20

Kolk and Postma - 1997

Question 21

explain covert repair hypothesis

Answer 21

• We detect errors in our phonological encoding prior to carrying out articulatory commands
• Detecting errors interrupts the planning of the phonetic sequence
• As a result fluency breaks occur

Question 22

who came up with demands and capacities model and when

Answer 22

Starkweather - 1987

Question 23

explain demands and capacities model

Answer 23

• This considers the capacities of the individual and the effects of both internal and external environmental demands in the development of stuttering
• Speech makes many demands on a person’s cognitive capacity and if the demands exceeds the speakers capacities then fluency will break down

Question 24

Actual causes of stuttering

Answer 24

• genetics
• neural activation patterns
• anatomical differences

Question 25

patterns of childhood dysfluency

Answer 25

• Stuttering develops in childhood
• Usually before 4 years of age (Blomgren, 2013)
• The pattern of onset for both genders is similar although more males than females stutter as adults (Bloodstein & Bernstein Ratner, 2008)
• Ratio of 5:1 male to female as adults but 2:1 in childhood

Question 26

temperamnt

Answer 26

a congenital and stable construct, which does not change in the course of life (Stipdonk et al, 2014)

Question 27

personality

Answer 27

the result of the interaction between environmental influences during childhood and the stable temperament (Stipdonk et al 2014)

Question 28

stuttering and phonological development

Answer 28

• Researchers have also suggested that the phonological representations of children who stutter may be underspecified (Anderson & Wagovich, 2010)
• The incremental processing abilities of CWS do not appear to develop within the same timeframe of their typically fluent peers (Byrd et al., 2007)

Question 29

effects of stuttering on adolescents

Answer 29

• Negative attitudes about communication
• Increased communication apprehension
• Lowered communication competence
• Perceived difficulty communicating