L1 Stuttering Flashcards
stuttering
a disruption to the flow and timing of speech (Perkins)
a disorder of speech encompassing motor speech, emotional and cognitive factors, impacting the life and experiences of a person who stutters in an unprecedented way
characteristics of stuttering
- blocks
- repetitions of sounds, syllables, words, phrases
- Prolongations
- Secondary/struggle behviours
- Feeling of loss of control
neurodiversity in stuttering
- Follows the social model of disability
- Following this model, the belief is that stuttering is a variation of speech, on par with fluency and by focusing on natural variation,the emphasis is removed from pathology and impairment
considerations for assessment
- severity
- clients’ comfort with severity
- frequency
- ease of articulation
- location of disfluencies
covert stutterinf features
what clients do to avoid their stutter
- As covert stuttering is emotionally tiring and has a psychological impact, the goal of speech therapy is for clients to stop stuttering.
- Therefore, people may stutter more after beginning speech therapy before they begin to stutter less
impact of covert stuttering
- Shame, guilt, and role conflicts
- Consequences can also include secondary health impairments due to stress, such as painful headaches and stomach ulcers as well as drastic reductions in agency and quality of life (Constantiono, 2017)
acquired stuttering
Neurogenicand psychogenic stuttering - onset later in life, not developmental
neurogenic stuttering
- Stuttering that appears to be caused or exacerbated by neurological disease or damage (Guitar, 2006; p435)
- For example, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and neurogenerative disease (Onslow, 2021)
stuttering characteristics of neurogenic stuttering
- Function as well as content words
- Stuttering is not restricted to initial syllables
-dysarthria, aphasia and word finding difficulties (Theys, Van Wieringen, and De Nil, 2008) - Secondary behaviours or nonverbal superfluous behaviours appear to be rare (Onslow, 2021), however if the stutter persists for long enough it can cause enough anxiety to bring about these behaviours
psychogenic stuttering
a dysfluency that is somehow associated with a psychological problem or an emotional trauma
red flag for psychogenic stuttering
Guitar suggests that if a client stutters more severely under fluency enhancing conditions psychogenic stuttering should be considered
cluttering
Fluency disorder characterised by overly rapid or jerky speech patters that compromise intelligibility (Ward et al, 2015)
key characteristics of cluttering
- Rapid and/or irregular articulatory rate
- Reduced intelligibility
- Frequency and type of dysfluencies
- Indistinct articulation (Van Zaalen et al, 2009), with particular difficulty with multisyllabic words
- Poor self monitoring
- Omission or elision of syllables
- Disorganised language
- Condenses words
who came up with diagnostic theory and when
Wendell Johnson - 1950s/60s
explain diagnostic theory
- Stuttering evolves from normal fluency breaks to which parents over react and mislabel as stuttering
- This mislabeling results in greater anticipation and struggle behaviour
- Therefore stuttering is created in the ear of the listener as normal fluency breaks are shaped into stuttering
who came up with cerebral dominance theory and when
Ortan and Travis - 1931
explain cerebral dominance theory
- The nervous system of a person with a stutter had not matured enough to achieve left hemisphere dominance over speech movements
- Resulting in lack of dominant hemisphere
who came up with operant behaviour models of stuttering
Skinner - 1953
explain operant conditioning models of stuttering
- Behaviour and consequence of the behaviour
- Therefore fluency breaks are shaped by the response they elicit
who came up with covert repair hypothesis and when
Kolk and Postma - 1997
explain covert repair hypothesis
- We detect errors in our phonological encoding prior to carrying out articulatory commands
- Detecting errors interrupts the planning of the phonetic sequence
- As a result fluency breaks occur
who came up with demands and capacities model and when
Starkweather - 1987
explain demands and capacities model
- This considers the capacities of the individual and the effects of both internal and external environmental demands in the development of stuttering
- Speech makes many demands on a person’s cognitive capacity and if the demands exceeds the speakers capacities then fluency will break down
Actual causes of stuttering
- genetics
- neural activation patterns
- anatomical differences
patterns of childhood dysfluency
- Stuttering develops in childhood
- Usually before 4 years of age (Blomgren, 2013)
- The pattern of onset for both genders is similar although more males than females stutter as adults (Bloodstein & Bernstein Ratner, 2008)
- Ratio of 5:1 male to female as adults but 2:1 in childhood
temperamnt
a congenital and stable construct, which does not change in the course of life (Stipdonk et al, 2014)
personality
the result of the interaction between environmental influences during childhood and the stable temperament (Stipdonk et al 2014)
stuttering and phonological development
- Researchers have also suggested that the phonological representations of children who stutter may be underspecified (Anderson & Wagovich, 2010)
- The incremental processing abilities of CWS do not appear to develop within the same timeframe of their typically fluent peers (Byrd et al., 2007)
effects of stuttering on adolescents
- Negative attitudes about communication
- Increased communication apprehension
- Lowered communication competence
- Perceived difficulty communicating
