L6: Pathology 3

Question 1

List the possible causes of haematuria from the KIDNEY.

Answer 1

• glomerulonephritis (IgA, Acute GN)
• thin membrane disease
• Alport’s Syndrome
• vasculitis
• anti-GBM disease (Goodpasture’s Syndrome)
• neoplasms/carcinoma

Question 2

What is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis?

Answer 2

IgA glomerulonephritis (deposition of IgA in mesangium of glomerulus)

Question 3

List the oxford system characteristics for IgA classification and prognosis

Answer 3

M - Mesangial cellularity increase 
E - Endocapillary inflammation
T - Segmental sclerosis
S - Tubulo-interstitial fibrosis
C - Crescents

Question 4

What is the difference between sclerosis and fibrosis?

Answer 4

Sclerosis: hardening of tissue

Fibrosis: part of chronic healing process; deposition of fibrotic tissue (collagen)

Question 5

What are some other names for thin membrane nephropathy?

Answer 5

• benign familial haematuria

- march haematuria

Question 6

What is Alport’s Syndrome?

Answer 6

• X-linked disease (mainly males)
• • mutations in genes encoding GBM proteins
• genetic condition with progressive loss of kidney function
• a/w nerve deafness (hearing loss) and eye abnormalities
• causes haematuria!

Question 7

What 2 conditions are associated with Alport’s Syndrome?

Answer 7

• nerve deafness (hearing loss)

- eye abnormalities

Question 8

What does ANCA stand for?

Answer 8

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody

Question 9

ANCA vasculitis can cause haematuria. Which autoantibodies attack which part of the neutrophils?

Answer 9

pANCA attacks myeloperoxidase (MPO)

cANCA attacks proteinase 3 (PR3)

Question 10

What does pANCA stand for?

Answer 10

peri-nuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody

Question 11

What does cANCA stand for?

Answer 11

cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody

Question 12

What are (glomerular) crescents on renal biopsy?

Answer 12

• two or more layers of proliferating cells in Bowman’s space

Question 13

What is another name for Goodpasture’s Syndrome?

Answer 13

Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease

Question 14

What are the 2 main organs that are affected in Goodpasture’s Syndrome?

Answer 14

kidneys, lungs

Question 15

What is the Anti-GBM disease? What is targeted? What occurs?

Answer 15

• autoantibodies to the non-collagenous domain of the alpha3 chain of collagen type 4
• inflammation and destruction of basement membrane of kidney
• causes haematuria

Question 16

List the possible causes of haematuria from the URETERS.

Answer 16

• urothelial carcinoma
• UTI
• calculi

Question 17

List the possible causes of haematuria from the BLADDER.

Answer 17

• urothelial carcinoma
• UTI
• calculi
• iatrogenic catheter

Question 18

List the possible causes of haematuria from the URETHRA.

Answer 18

• UTI
• STDs
• urethral caruncle

Question 19

List the possible causes of haematuria from the PROSTATE.

Answer 19

• benign prostatic hyperplasia
• carcinoma of prostate
• prostatitis

Question 20

What is another name for Hereditary Nephritis?

Answer 20

Alport Syndrome

note: it causes Haematuria

Question 21

What mutations are present in Alport Syndrome? What can this lead to?

Answer 21

• mutations in genes encoding GBM proteins

- causes haematuria

Question 22

What is thin membrane nephropathy and what can it lead to?

Answer 22

• thin basement membranes in the glomeruli

- causes haematuria