L6: Pathology 3 Flashcards
List the possible causes of haematuria from the KIDNEY.
- glomerulonephritis (IgA, Acute GN)
- thin membrane disease
- Alport’s Syndrome
- vasculitis
- anti-GBM disease (Goodpasture’s Syndrome)
- neoplasms/carcinoma
What is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis?
IgA glomerulonephritis (deposition of IgA in mesangium of glomerulus)
List the oxford system characteristics for IgA classification and prognosis
M - Mesangial cellularity increase E - Endocapillary inflammation T - Segmental sclerosis S - Tubulo-interstitial fibrosis C - Crescents
What is the difference between sclerosis and fibrosis?
Sclerosis: hardening of tissue
Fibrosis: part of chronic healing process; deposition of fibrotic tissue (collagen)
What are some other names for thin membrane nephropathy?
- benign familial haematuria
- march haematuria
What is Alport’s Syndrome?
- X-linked disease (mainly males)
- mutations in genes encoding GBM proteins
- genetic condition with progressive loss of kidney function
- a/w nerve deafness (hearing loss) and eye abnormalities
- causes haematuria!
What 2 conditions are associated with Alport’s Syndrome?
- nerve deafness (hearing loss)
- eye abnormalities
What does ANCA stand for?
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody
ANCA vasculitis can cause haematuria. Which autoantibodies attack which part of the neutrophils?
pANCA attacks myeloperoxidase (MPO)
cANCA attacks proteinase 3 (PR3)
What does pANCA stand for?
peri-nuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody
What does cANCA stand for?
cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody
What are (glomerular) crescents on renal biopsy?
- two or more layers of proliferating cells in Bowman’s space
What is another name for Goodpasture’s Syndrome?
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
What are the 2 main organs that are affected in Goodpasture’s Syndrome?
kidneys, lungs
What is the Anti-GBM disease? What is targeted? What occurs?
- autoantibodies to the non-collagenous domain of the alpha3 chain of collagen type 4
- inflammation and destruction of basement membrane of kidney
- causes haematuria
List the possible causes of haematuria from the URETERS.
- urothelial carcinoma
- UTI
- calculi
List the possible causes of haematuria from the BLADDER.
- urothelial carcinoma
- UTI
- calculi
- iatrogenic catheter
List the possible causes of haematuria from the URETHRA.
- UTI
- STDs
- urethral caruncle
List the possible causes of haematuria from the PROSTATE.
- benign prostatic hyperplasia
- carcinoma of prostate
- prostatitis
What is another name for Hereditary Nephritis?
Alport Syndrome
note: it causes Haematuria
What mutations are present in Alport Syndrome? What can this lead to?
- mutations in genes encoding GBM proteins
- causes haematuria
What is thin membrane nephropathy and what can it lead to?
- thin basement membranes in the glomeruli
- causes haematuria
