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REGUB > L4: Pathology 1 > Flashcards

L4: Pathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Patients with chronic renal failure/renal disease usually die from what cause?

A

HEART FAILURE

  • when kidneys aren’t working properly, need to increase blood flow to them
  • heart needs to pump harder
  • this can lead to heart disease + failure

e.g. can probably see LV hypertrophy in heart

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2
Q

What are the function of podocytes?

A
  • prevent protein from entering the urinary filtrate

- foot processes extend from podocytes creating filtration slits

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3
Q

What is the value of hydrostatic pressure that allows filtration at the glomerulus?

A

50 - 60 mmHg

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4
Q

Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?

A
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • beside the afferent arteriole to measure blood flow to kidney
  • renin produced here
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5
Q

What are the 2 types of injury that can occur in the kidney tubules?

A

A. Ischaemic

B. Toxic

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6
Q

What are urinary casts?

A
  • result from solidification of material in the renal tubule
  • excreted via urine
  • different materials (e.g. RBC, WBC, hyaline…)
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7
Q

There are 2 types of injury that can occur in the kidney tubules. Which type is more likely in the proximal renal tubule?

A
  • proximal renal tubule has more mitochondria

- prone to ischaemic injury

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8
Q

What is bilateral renal agenesis and what is a common ultrasound finding for this?

A
  • fetus with no kidneys
  • no amniotic fluid in womb (oligohydramnios)
  • a/w Potter Syndrome
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9
Q

What is Oligohydramnios and what is genetic kidney condition is it a sign of?

A
  • no amniotic fluid in uterus

- indicative of bilateral renal agenesis

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10
Q

What is Potter Syndrome and what is the most common condition it is a/w?

A
  • physical characteristics of a fetus that develop when there is too little amniotic fluid in the uterus (in utero) during pregnancy
  • a/w bilateral renal agenesis
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11
Q

List some congenital anomolies of the kidneys

A
  • bilateral renal agenesis
  • unilateral renal agenesis
  • horseshoe kidney
  • hypoplasia (lack of nephrons)
  • ectopia (ectopic kidney tissue)
  • dysplastic kidney (abnormally formed)
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12
Q

In a patient with a horseshoe kidney, when ascending from the pelvis, which blood vessel may it get stuck underneath?

A

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

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13
Q

What does ADPKD stand for?

A

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

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14
Q

What genes are involved in ADPKD?

A

90% - Chromosome 16 (PKD1, PKD2)

10% - Chromosome 4

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15
Q

What does ARPKD stand for?

A

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease

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16
Q

What gene (and chromosome) is involved in ARPKD?

A

PCKD1 gene (Chromosome 6P12)

17
Q

What are the main differences between ARPKD and ADPKD?

A

ARPKD:

  • affects at young age (stillborn babies)
  • more severe
  • cysts in kidney ± liver

ADPKD:

  • can appear in adults
  • less severe
  • cysts only in kidneys
18
Q

What is Nephronophthisis?

A
  • autosomal recessive

- cystic kidney disease

19
Q

What is Medullary Cystic Disease?

A
  • autosomal dominant

- cystic kidney disease

20
Q

Cysts in the kidney have a predisposition for what?

A

renal cell carcinoma (due to increased cell proliferation)

21
Q

What is Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome?

A
  • autosomal dominant
  • presents with kidney cysts
  • a/w haemangioblastomas of retina, cerebellum and spine
22
Q

What genetic abnormality is a/w Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome?

A

VHL gene (tumour suppressor) on chromosome 3p25

23
Q

What is the major risk/consequence in patients with Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome?

A

50% develop renal cell carcinoma

24
Q

What is the treatment of those with Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome?

A

prophylactic bilateral nephrectomy

25
Q

How much do the kidneys normally weigh?

A

130 - 150 grams

26
Q

How much of every heartbeat is sent to the kidney?

A

20-25%

27
Q

What is hypoplasia of the kidney?

A
  • congenital anomaly
  • immature kidneys
  • too little nephrons
28
Q

What is a dysplastic kidney?

A
  • congenital anomaly
  • abnormally formed
  • usually picked up in childhood

REGUB (22 decks)

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