Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

REGUB > L14 + L29: Male GU Tract Pathology > Flashcards

L14 + L29: Male GU Tract Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is prostatitis?

A

inflammation of the prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 different types of prostatitis?

A
  1. Acute Bacterial
  2. Chronic Bacterial
  3. Granulomatous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the main pathology that occurs in the transitional zone of the prostate?

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the main pathology that occurs in the peripheral zone of the prostate?

A

cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A
  • non-neoplastic proliferation of the transitional zone of the prostate (transitional zone enlarges)
  • very common
  • incidence increases with age
  • androgens increase the size of prostate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some of the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A
  • poor urine flow
  • hesitancy when urinating
  • feeling of incomplete bladder emptying
  • dribbling
  • increased urgency
  • increased frequency ± nocturia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the main form of malignant prostate tumour?

A

primary tumour - adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List some of the risk factors for prostatic cancer

A
  • age*
  • hereditary (family history, BRCA, Lynch Syndrome)
  • ethnicity
  • diet
  • hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is another name for Lynch Syndrome?

A

Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)

- increases risk of colorectal + other cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A

makes prostatic fluid - contributes to 70% of the ejaculate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)?

A
  • liquefies semen and cervical mucus

- usually raised in prostate cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List the 3 common histological features of a prostatic adenocarcinoma

A
  1. small, crowded glands
  2. large nucleoli
  3. lack of basal myoepithelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the main limitations of the transrectal prostate biopsy in detecting prostate cancer?

A
  • probe may miss malignant areas of prostate

- extent + grade in biopsy may not reflect actual extent + grade in prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do prostate cancers spread to first?

A
  • bone*

- iliac lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the name of the scoring system that is used for the prognosis of prostate cancer?

A

Gleason Scoring System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What stage, gleason score and PSA value is associated with a high-risk prostate cancer?

A

Stage T3 or above
Gleason Score > 8
PSA > 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Before doing a transrectal ultrasound/biopsy what is required to reduce the risk of infection?

A

an antibiotic cover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain the role of MRI before doing a prostate biopsy.

A

Prostate MRI done and PIRADS score given

  • 1 = low risk of disease
  • 5 = high risk of disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is a bone scan done to see if the patient has a prostate cancer?

A
  • PSA > 20
  • clinical suspicion
  • looking for mets (in the bone!)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List 2 fairly new diagnostic imaging techniques used to check for prostate cancer before doing a biopsy

A
  1. MRI

2. Bone Scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the indications for a radical prostatectomy?

A
  • disease confined to prostate (T1/T2)
  • < 70 years
  • life expectancy > 10 years
  • fit for surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the treatment options for early prostate cancer?

A
  • surgery (radical prostatectomy)
  • radiotherapy
  • surveillance
  • chemotherapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the treatment for metastatic prostatic cancer?

A

androgen deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

List some side effects of androgen deprivation/anti-androgen drugs

A
  • erectile dysfunction
  • loss of sex drive
  • hot flashes
  • growth of breast tissue
  • weight gain
  • nausea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of Leydig cells in the testis?

A

produce testosterone

26
Q

What is the function of Sertoli cells in the testis?

A

aid in maturation of sperm

27
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A
  • failure of one or both of the testis to descend into the scrotum
  • can be palpable in abdominal or inguinal region
28
Q

What are some of the possible consequences of a cryptorchidism?

A
  • atrophy of testis
  • infertility
  • increased risk of germ cell tumour
29
Q

What is the treatment of cryptorchidism?

A

orchidopexi (surgery to move testicle down)

30
Q

What is a variocele? What is a possible consequence?

A
  • dilated tortuous veins in spermatic cord

- can lead to fertility problems

31
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A
  • fluid collection in tunica vaginalis
32
Q

What is a spermatocele?

A
  • abnormal sac (cyst) that develops in the epididymis
33
Q

What is orchitis/epididymo-orchitis?

A
  • caused by mumps, STDs or idiopathic

- presents like an inflamed testis

34
Q

What is torsion of the testis?

A
  • twisting of spermatic cord and testis
  • veins collapsed (blood pools in testis)
  • common at birth + around puberty
  • surgical emergency!
35
Q

What are the main types of testicular cancer?

A
  1. Germ Cell Tumour
    - Seminoma
    - Non-Seminoma
  2. Stromal Tumour
    - leygid cell most common
36
Q

What are the risk factors for testicular cancer?

A
  • age
  • race
  • cryptoorchidism
  • infertility (poor semen analysis)
  • genetics
  • history of contralateral testis cancer
  • Klinefelter Syndrome
37
Q

What is Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

male inherits one or more additional X chromosome

38
Q

What is the most common type of testicular tumour?

A

Germ Cell Tumour - Seminoma

39
Q

Where do testicular tumours usually metastasize to?

A
  • chest lymph nodes (para-aortic and iliac)

- lungs

40
Q

What are the 2 types of testicular germ cell tumours?

A
  1. Seminoma

2. Non-Seminoma

41
Q

List some of the investigations that can be done to diagnose a testitcular tumour

A
  • trans-scrotal ultrasound*
  • serum tumour markers
  • CXR
  • CT chest, abdomen and pelvis
42
Q

List the characteristics of a seminoma

A
  • slow growing
  • sensitive to radiation
  • no specific tumour marker
  • LDH may be increased though
43
Q

List the characteristics of a non-seminoma

A
  • fast growing
  • sensitive to chemotherapy
  • serum tumour markers present
44
Q

What can a germ cell neoplasia in situ change into?

A

non-seminoma

45
Q

How does a seminoma tumour look like in cross-section?

A

homogenous tumour

46
Q

How does a non-seminoma tumour look like in cross-section?

A
  • heterogenous

- haemorrhagic

47
Q

List the different types of non-seminoma germ cell tumours. If there is any, list the associated tumour marker

A
  1. Embryonal
  2. Teratoma
  3. Yolk Sac - AFP marker
  4. Choriocarcinoma - HCG marker
48
Q

List the possible treatment options for testicular cancer

A
  1. Radical Orchidectomy
  2. Chemotherapy - BEP [for mets]
  3. Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection (RPLND)
    - - if testis removed and pt does not respond to chemo
49
Q

What is a radical orchidectomy?

A
  • removing the testicle + surrounding lymph nodes

- done via inguinal incision

50
Q

What is the treatment for metastatic testicular cancer? Be specific!

A

chemotherapy - BEP (Bleomycin, Etoposide, Cisplatin)

51
Q

In the treatment for testicular cancer, when will a retroperitoneal lymph node dissection be indicated?

A

if testis removed and pt not responding to chemo

52
Q

What is hypospadia?

A

abnormal opening of urethra ventrally

53
Q

What is epispadia?

A

abnormal opening of urethra dorsally

54
Q

What is phimosis?

A

inability to retract foreskin from gland penis

55
Q

What are the possible causes of phimosis?

A
  • congenital

- chronic inflammation (due to poor hygiene or Lichen sclerosis)

56
Q

What is lichen sclerosis?

A
  • patchy, white skin that appears thinner than normal

- usually affects the genital and anal areas.

57
Q

What is the most common type of penile cancer?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

58
Q

What are the possible causes of penile cancer?

A
  • infection
  • hygiene
  • lichen sclerosis
59
Q

Where does penile cancer usually go to/metastasize to?

A

inguinal lymph nodes

60
Q

What is scrotal calcinosis?

A

cysts of the scrotum that calcify

61
Q

What is another name for testicular stromal tumours?

A

Sex cord tumours

REGUB (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions