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Neuroscience > L6 - neurotransmitter receptor signalling > Flashcards

L6 - neurotransmitter receptor signalling Flashcards

1
Q

how does alcohol impact neural function

x4

A

acts as a neurotransmitter receptor
destabilises lipid polar heads - disrupts bilayer
interacts with channel proteins
stimulates Gas signalling

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2
Q

how does acute alcohol modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission
x2

A

acts as a non-competitive antagonist - -ve allosteric modulator
reduces glutamate release from pre-synaptic terminal

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3
Q

effect of acute alcohol on glutamatgeric signalling

A

INHIBITION

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4
Q

how does alcohol reduce Glu release from pre-synaptic terminal

A

increases activity of mGlu2/3
metabotropic receptor
causes Gi/o signalling (inhibitory)

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5
Q

what is required to activate an NMDA receptor

A

glutamate
co-agonist at modulatory site
e.g. glycine, D-serine

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6
Q

Mg2+ block

A

NMDA receptor
voltage-sensitive
present at physiological concentrations of Mg2+
disappears after depolarisation

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7
Q

what causes depolarisation of NMDA receptors

A

cation channel opening

Ca2+ and Na+ influx

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8
Q

why are different brain regions impacted differently by alcohol

A

different glutamate receptors have different alcohol sensitivity

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9
Q

overall effect of chronic alcohol on glutamatergic signalling

A

causes compensatory adaptions to increase Glu release and transmission

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10
Q

what are the compensatory Glu adaptations to chornic alcohol use
x4

A
  1. increased NMDA/AMPA R on post-synaptic membrane
  2. increased ion channel conductance
  3. decreased glial uptake of neurotransmitter
  4. desensitisation of pre-synaptic mGlu R -
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11
Q

effect of desensitisation of mGlu R on pre-synaptic membrane

A

reduced response to Glu
less Gi/o signalling
more Glu released into synaptic cleft

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12
Q

glutamate-mediated acute alcohol behavioural effects

A

reduced signalling

- amnesia, memory loss

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13
Q

glutamate-mediated chronic alcohol behavioural effects

A

increased signalling

  • seizures, brain damage
  • anxiety
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14
Q

foetal alcohol syndrome

A

glutamatergic signalling impaired in foetus

therefore offspring has fewer NMDA receptors

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15
Q

effect of acute alcohol on GABAergic signalling

A

acts as a +ve allosteric modulator
increased Cl- influx
enhanced GABA release

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16
Q

effect of sedative drugs on GABA receptors

A

act as positive allosteric modulators

enhance GABA R activity via modulatory site

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17
Q

activated GABAa receptor

A

anion channel opening
Cl- influx
hyperpolarisation

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18
Q

effect of acute alcohol on neurosteroid release

A

increases neurosteroid release
causes positive allosteric modulation of GABAa receptors
enhanced GABA signalling

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19
Q

effect of chronic alcohol on GABAergic transmission

A

reduced impact

changes GABAa receptor subunit composition

20
Q

impact of alcohol changing GABAa receptor subunit composition

A

reduces sensitivity to alcohol

change in localisation

21
Q

what causes withdrawal after chronic exposure

A

rapid reversion of GABA subunit changes

22
Q

GABA-mediated effects of acute alcohol on behaviour

A

enhanced signalling
sedative
anxiety-reduced
impaired coordination

23
Q

GABA-mediated effects of chronic alcohol on behavioru

A 
reduced signalling
alcohol tolerance
seizures
hyper-excitatbiltiy
tremour
24
Q

effects of acute alcohol on opioid synthesis and release

A

cause increase synthesis and release
eg endorphins
neuromodulators reinforce effects of alcohol

25
Q

opioid-mediated effects of acute alcohol on behaviour

A

increased synthesis and release
euphoria
excitement
reinforces other effects

26
Q

opioid-mediated effects of chronic alcohol on behaviour

A

reduced opioid signalling

dysphoria

27
Q

how does alcohol effect glial function

A

effects astrocyte expression

effects excitatory amino acid transporters

28
Q

how do glial cells modulate synaptic transmission

A

release gliotransmitters and neurotransmitters

29
Q

is full sepctrum of alcohol’s pharmalogical action clear?

A

no

unclear

30
Q

why is there tremendous diversity in GABA receptor subunits

A

they are hetergenous

31
Q

2 categories of alcohol effects on neural function

A

specific

non-specific

32
Q

3 specific effects of alcohol on neural function

A

interacts directly with channel proteins
stimulates G alpha s signalling
acts at the neurotransmitter binding site

33
Q

where do the specific effects of alcohol act

A

receptor site

34
Q

where do the non-specific effects of alcohol act

A

plasma membrane

35
Q

what are the non-specific effects of alcohol on neural function

A

interaction with polar heads of phospholipids
alteration of lipid composition
disturbance of relationship of proteins in the membrane

36
Q

define reinforcement

A

Strengthening probability of future behaviour.

37
Q

what causes reinforcement of alcohol

A

enhanced opioid synthesis and release in acute alcohol consumption

38
Q

what mediates reinforcement

A

the mesolimbic dopamine pathway “reward” system

VTA to limbic system

39
Q

effect of withdrawal on GABAa receptors

A

rapid reversal of receptor subunit changes

causes withdrawal symptoms

40
Q

tonic inhibition

A

long-lasting

makes it more difficult to fire action potentials

41
Q

birds eye view of GABAa receptor subunits

A 
a1
(GABA binding site)
B2
a2
(GABA binding site)
B2
y2
(Benzodiazepine binding site)
42
Q

benzodiazepine

A

anxiety-reducing, sedative drug
acts via enhancing GABA signalling
+ve allosteric modulator of GABAa

43
Q

how many GABA receptor subunits

A

5

pentamer

44
Q

effects of different blood alcohol concentrations

A
  1. 05% - relief from anxiety, social boost
  2. 08% - impaired cognition and motor function
  3. 40% - death in 50% of people
45
Q

effect of increased alcohol consumption on hippocampal size

A

decreases size of hippocampus

46
Q

which receptor effects memory

A

NMDA

LTP required for memory

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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