L12 - learning, memory and behaviour Flashcards
2 types of long term memory
explicit/declarative
implicit/ non-declarative
2 types of explicit/declarative long-term memory
episodic
semantic
what is the autobiographical type of long term memory
e.g. child birth, wedding day
episodic
what type of memory is learning facts and common knowledge
semantic
which parts of the CNS are associated with explicit/declarative memory
diencephalon
medial temporal lobe
4 types of implicit/non-declarative long-term memory
procedural
priming
classical conditioning
non-associative learning
what type of memory is the striatum associated with
procedural
what is procedural memory
long-term
non-declarative/implicit
how to do things
e.g. juggling
what is priming and what area of the CNS is it associated with
non-declarative/implicit memory
when one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus
neo-cortex
Pavlov’s dog experiment is an example of what type of memory
classical conditioning
pairing of stimuli
what type of memory are the amygdala and cerebellum associated with
classical conditioning
pairing of stimuli
2 examples of non-associative learning
habituation
sensitisation
reflex pathways in the CNS are associated with which type of memory
non-associative learning
where does the hippocampus receive input signals from
the parahippocampal gyrus
what does the hippocampus send output signals via
fornix
what is known as the central memory hub
hippocampus
where is the hippocampus located
medial temporal lobe
role of the fornix
connects hippocampus with mammillary bodies
2 reasons why we have evidence that the hippocampus is important in memory
1957 - medial temporal lobectomy surgery impeded new memory formation of patients
animal testing
1957 experiments on patients with severe epilepsy
bilateral medial temporal lobectomy surgery carried out
patients long-term and short-term procedural skills remained intact
patients could no longer form new memories - anterograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
loss of the ability to form new memories
long-term memories before event remain intact
relationship of size of hippocampus and memory and london taxi drivers
size of hippocampus shown to increase with amount of experience of london taxi cab driver experience
brain shrinkage
average brain shrinks around 5% per decade after teh age of 40
experimental methods to check importance of hippocampus in memory
animal testing
lesions made in mammals
memories tested on ability to seek food, avoid danger etc
what does morris water maze test
tests spatial memory
measures the amount of time taken for the rodent to learn the location of a hidden platform in a box of water
what does the morris water maze test rely on
desire of the rodent to get out of the water
their danger avoidance
effects of lesions to hippocampus on morris water maze test
impaired spatial memory means rodents took longer to find the hidden platform
pharmological inactivation of hippocampus in morris water maze test
use of GABAa receptor agonists - e.g. muscimol
blocks retrieval of previously learned platform location
by temporarily /inactivating a brain region
effect of blocking hippocampal NMDA receptors in rats
LTP and spatial memory blocked
rats no longer prefer quadrant where they remember the hidden platform to be
what are place cells
hippocampal pyramidal cells that fire when an animal is in a specific location
use of place cells to make cognitive map of environment
combine all place cells
different place cells encode different locations
how do you test visual recognition in animals
measure the time spent by animals exploring familiar/novel objects
rely on the animal wanting to explore the novel object for longer
effects of lesions to the perirhinal cortex (adjacent/connected to hippocampus) on time spent exploring novel objects
animal no longer has preference to explore novel object
they do not remember that one object is familiar
how can the novel/familiar object test be used to study spatial memory
the familiar object is moved to a novel location
