L12 - learning, memory and behaviour

Question 1

2 types of long term memory

Answer 1

explicit/declarative

implicit/ non-declarative

Question 2

2 types of explicit/declarative long-term memory

Answer 2

episodic

semantic

Question 3

what is the autobiographical type of long term memory

e.g. child birth, wedding day

Answer 3

episodic

Question 4

what type of memory is learning facts and common knowledge

Answer 4

semantic

Question 5

which parts of the CNS are associated with explicit/declarative memory

Answer 5

diencephalon

medial temporal lobe

Question 6

4 types of implicit/non-declarative long-term memory

Answer 6

procedural
priming
classical conditioning
non-associative learning

Question 7

what type of memory is the striatum associated with

Answer 7

procedural

Question 8

what is procedural memory

Answer 8

long-term
non-declarative/implicit

how to do things
e.g. juggling

Question 9

what is priming and what area of the CNS is it associated with

Answer 9

non-declarative/implicit memory
when one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus

neo-cortex

Question 10

Pavlov’s dog experiment is an example of what type of memory

Answer 10

classical conditioning

pairing of stimuli

Question 11

what type of memory are the amygdala and cerebellum associated with

Answer 11

classical conditioning

pairing of stimuli

Question 12

2 examples of non-associative learning

Answer 12

habituation

sensitisation

Question 13

reflex pathways in the CNS are associated with which type of memory

Answer 13

non-associative learning

Question 14

where does the hippocampus receive input signals from

Answer 14

the parahippocampal gyrus

Question 15

what does the hippocampus send output signals via

Answer 15

fornix

Question 16

what is known as the central memory hub

Answer 16

hippocampus

Question 17

where is the hippocampus located

Answer 17

medial temporal lobe

Question 18

role of the fornix

Answer 18

connects hippocampus with mammillary bodies

Question 19

2 reasons why we have evidence that the hippocampus is important in memory

Answer 19

1957 - medial temporal lobectomy surgery impeded new memory formation of patients

animal testing

Question 20

1957 experiments on patients with severe epilepsy

Answer 20

bilateral medial temporal lobectomy surgery carried out
patients long-term and short-term procedural skills remained intact
patients could no longer form new memories - anterograde amnesia

Question 21

anterograde amnesia

Answer 21

loss of the ability to form new memories

long-term memories before event remain intact

Question 22

relationship of size of hippocampus and memory and london taxi drivers

Answer 22

size of hippocampus shown to increase with amount of experience of london taxi cab driver experience

Question 23

brain shrinkage

Answer 23

average brain shrinks around 5% per decade after teh age of 40

Question 24

experimental methods to check importance of hippocampus in memory

Answer 24

animal testing
lesions made in mammals
memories tested on ability to seek food, avoid danger etc

Question 25

what does morris water maze test

Answer 25

tests spatial memory

measures the amount of time taken for the rodent to learn the location of a hidden platform in a box of water

Question 26

what does the morris water maze test rely on

Answer 26

desire of the rodent to get out of the water

their danger avoidance

Question 27

effects of lesions to hippocampus on morris water maze test

Answer 27

impaired spatial memory means rodents took longer to find the hidden platform

Question 28

pharmological inactivation of hippocampus in morris water maze test

Answer 28

use of GABAa receptor agonists - e.g. muscimol
blocks retrieval of previously learned platform location
by temporarily /inactivating a brain region

Question 29

effect of blocking hippocampal NMDA receptors in rats

Answer 29

LTP and spatial memory blocked

rats no longer prefer quadrant where they remember the hidden platform to be

Question 30

what are place cells

Answer 30

hippocampal pyramidal cells that fire when an animal is in a specific location

Question 31

use of place cells to make cognitive map of environment

Answer 31

combine all place cells

different place cells encode different locations

Question 32

how do you test visual recognition in animals

Answer 32

measure the time spent by animals exploring familiar/novel objects
rely on the animal wanting to explore the novel object for longer

Question 33

effects of lesions to the perirhinal cortex (adjacent/connected to hippocampus) on time spent exploring novel objects

Answer 33

animal no longer has preference to explore novel object

they do not remember that one object is familiar

Question 34

how can the novel/familiar object test be used to study spatial memory

Answer 34

the familiar object is moved to a novel location