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Neuroscience > L3 - neurodevelopment > Flashcards

L3 - neurodevelopment Flashcards

1
Q

instructions for brain on assembling cells

A

genomic control

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2
Q

how are the different component of the brain organised and differentiated

A

transcription factors and morphogenes

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3
Q

how are components of the brain connected

A

neural circuitry

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4
Q

is the genome a conserved structure

A

yes

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5
Q

give an example of genetic divergence between species

A

dolphin and camel have very wrinkly cerebral cortex

squirrel and frog do not

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6
Q

gyrification

A

how wrinkly the cerebral cortex is

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7
Q

which organims is used to study neural development

and why is it useful

A

C. Elegans (worm)
small and simple - 302 neurons
allows complete tracking of cell developent

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8
Q

what technique is used to model neural tube formation

A

SEM

Scanning electron microscopy

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9
Q

process of neural tube formation

A

neural plate forma furrow at medial hinge point
neural groove forms as two sides converge
epidermis forms top layer
neural crest forms middle layer (peripheral NS)
neural tube bottom layer

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10
Q

what direction does neural tube formation occur in

A

from top to bottom

like a zip

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11
Q

what do dorso and ventral refer to in dorsoventral axis

A

dorso - sensory neurons

ventral - motor neurons

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12
Q

brainstem is divided into…

A

rhomberes

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13
Q

rhombere organisation

A

determined by Homeobox (Hox) gene expression

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14
Q

what is a rhombere

A

segment of developing neural tube

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15
Q

Timing and localization to the neural tube closure can lead to?

A

neural tube defects

e.g. anencephaly, spina bifida

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16
Q

where are cranial nerves restricted to?

A

specific rhomberes

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17
Q

Shh gradient

A

high Shh in ventral

low Shh in dorsal

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18
Q

increase in Shh concentration means….

A

increase in motor neurons

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19
Q

Shh is important for determining…

A

neural identity

20
Q

what is produced by low Shh concentration

A

dorsal interneurons

21
Q

ventral motorneurons require high Shh conc for

A

induction

22
Q

progenitor domains

A

cell populations defined by combinations of transcription factors

23
Q

transcription factors specify neuronal subtypes

A

within progenitor subtypes

24
Q

what is a growth cone

A

specialist structure that guides neurones

25
Q

axons grow towards

A

positive, attractive signals

26
Q

axons grow by

A

polymerisation of cytoskeleton

27
Q

what signals growth cones to targets

A

chemotactic or haptotactic stimulus

28
Q

haptotactic stimulus

A

e.g. more adhesion sites

29
Q

-ve cues

A

repel, cause downstream collapse of cytoskeleton

30
Q

why is midline crossing important

A

relied upon by locomotion and sensory coordination

allows both sides of the NS to communicate

31
Q

diagram for midline crossing

A

ladder diagram
longitudinal or crossed directions
neuromeres are the sections

32
Q

Robo

A

transmembrane receptor
mutants cause growth in circles
continuous crossing of midline

33
Q

Slit

A

chemorepellant ligand
mutants cause collapse of axon tracts down the midline
growth only down middle

34
Q

neurophilin receptor and semaphorin ligand

A

essential for patterning peripheral nerves

35
Q

factors that regulate complex development of cns

A

nerve growth factors

neurotrophic factors

36
Q

how is neural plate formed

A

interaction of neural ectoderm with notochord

37
Q

where does neural plate form furrow

A

medial hinge point

38
Q

importance of HOX transcription factors

A

determine organisation between rostral and caudal axis

determine rhombomere organisation

39
Q

what determines dorsoventral axis

A

shh

40
Q

arguement against Shh dorsoventral hypothesis

A

studies on mice mutants for Shh lack ventral spinal cord characteristics

41
Q

what relies of communication of both sides of the CNS

A

locomotion
sensory coordination
higher cognitive functioning

42
Q

what is required for proper midline crossing

A

proper interaction between robo receptor and slit ligand

43
Q

what is netrin

A

chemotropic signal secreted by floor plate

44
Q

netrin deficient mice

A

do not form hippocampal commissure or corpus callosum

45
Q

netrin-3

A

PNS

limited in CNS

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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