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Fundamentals of Physiology > L6: Kidney Function > Flashcards

L6: Kidney Function Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the kidneys

A

Remove waste products from the blood & produce urine

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2
Q

3 controls of body fluid compositions

A

1) Volume regulation
2) Osmoregulation
3) pH regulation

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3
Q

Function of glomerulus

A

Filters plasma to produce glomerular filtrate

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4
Q

Function of the loop of henle

A

Recovery of water & sodium chloride from urine

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5
Q

Function of the Bowman’s Capsule

A

Filtration of blood from glomerular capillaries

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6
Q

3 main areas of the kidney

A

1) Cortex
2) Medulla
3) Renal Pelvis

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7
Q

How does blood enter the kidney?

A

Via renal artery

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8
Q

How does blood exit the kidney?

A

Renal vein

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9
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Brings blood back from glomerulus to the rest of kidney

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10
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Brings blood into the glomerulus

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11
Q

Role of renal corpusle

A

Blood filtering component of the nephron in the kidney

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12
Q

Important features of the nephron

A

1) Renal Corpuscle
2) Proximal Tubule
3) Loop of Henle
4) Distal Convoluted Tubule
5) Collecting Duct System

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13
Q

2 nephron types

A

1) Cortical
2) Juxtamedullary

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14
Q

Features of the cortical nephron

A

1) Glomerulus in the outer 2/3 of cortex
2) Short loop of Henle

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15
Q

Features of the juxtamedullary nephron

A

1) Glomerulus in the inner 1/3 cortex
2) Long loop of Henle
3) Produces concentrated urine

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16
Q

Process of glomerular filtration

A

Movement of fluids & solutes from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s space

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17
Q

Importance of glomerular filtration

A

1st step of making urine

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18
Q

Process of tubular secretion

A

Kidneys secrete waste products from peritubular capillaries into the tubules

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19
Q

Process of tubular reabsorption

A

Movement of materials from the filtrate in the tubule into peritubular capillaries

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20
Q

How is the amount excreted in urine made up of?

A

Amount filtered + Amount secreted + Amount reabsorbed

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21
Q

Define glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Volume of fluid filtered from the glomeruli per min

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22
Q

What does the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) depend a combination of ?

A

A combination of:
1) Net filtration pressure
2) Permeability characteristics
3) Surface area

23
Q

How is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) regulated?

A

By neural & hormonal input

24
Q

What are starling’s forces involved in filtration?

A

Physical forces that determine the movement of fluid between capillaries & tissue fluid

25
Q

2 major starling forces?

A

hydrostatic pressure & colloid osmotic pressure

26
Q

How does plasma flow across a capillary wall in terms of HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE?

A

HIGH TO LOW

27
Q

How does plasma flow across a capillary wall in terms of COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE ?

A

LOW TO HIGH

28
Q

What is the result of GFR when afferent arterioles are dilated?

A

Increase

29
Q

What is the result of GFR when afferent arterioles are constricted?

A

Decrease

30
Q

What 3 things does the GFR depend on ?

A

1) Starling forces involved in filtration
2) Net filtration pressure & permeability characteristics of filtration interface
3) Surface area of filtration interface

31
Q

Why is the SA of filtration interface changeable?

A

Due to the presence of mesangial cells

32
Q

What does mesangial cells contain?

A

Smooth muscle actin

33
Q

What do mesangial cells receive innovation from?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

34
Q

Where does reabsorption occur?

A

PCT & proximal straight tubule

34
Q

What happens when there is an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity?

A

Actin contract & cause SA of filtration increase to reduce, leading to a decrease in GFR

35
Q

What is the tubular wall made up of ?

A

Single layer of epithelial cells

36
Q

What is the capillary wall made up of ?

A

Endothelial cells

37
Q

Where does the luminal membrane face ?

A

Filtrate

38
Q

Where does the basolateral membrane face ?

A

Peritubular Capillary

39
Q

What is the structure of the proximal tubule segment related to ?

A

Important role in reabsorption

40
Q

Name 3 proximal reabsorption of organic nutrients

A

1) Na+ - coupled co-transporter
2) Tubular max system
3) Specific Transporters

41
Q

Where does tubular secretion occur?

A

Proximal tubule

42
Q

What transporters do secretion involve?

A

Basolateral & luminal membrane transporters

43
Q

2 examples of organic acids (anions)

A

1) Endogenous molecules (e.g bile salts)
2) Exogenous molecules (e.g drugs)

44
Q

First step of organic anion secretion in the proximal tubule

A

Organic anion enters epithelial cell via organic anion counter transporters

45
Q

Second step of organic anion secretion in the proximal tubule

A

OA- enters tubule lumen via ATP-dependent primary active transporters

46
Q

Where are organic anion counter transporters expressed on?

A

Basolateral membrane

47
Q

Where are ATP- dependent primary active transporters expressed on?

A

Luminal membrane

48
Q

2 examples of organic bases (cations)

A

1) Endogenous molecule (e.g creatinine)
2) Exogenous molecule (e.g morphine)

49
Q

First step of organic cation secretion in the proximal tubule

A

Organic cations enter proximal tubule via facilitated diffusion transporters

50
Q

Second step of organic cation secretion in the proximal tubule

A

OC enter tubule lumen via counter-transporters

51
Q

Where are counter-transporters expressed on?

A

Luminal membrane

52
Q

Where are facilitated diffusion transporters expressed on?

A

Basolateral membrane

53
Q

Equation for flow

A

Flow = pressure difference / resistance

Fundamentals of Physiology (9 decks)

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