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Fundamentals of Physiology > L10: Lung Function > Flashcards

L10: Lung Function Flashcards

1
Q

1st step in respiration

A

Respiration: Movement of air in & out of lungs by bulk flow (down a diffusion gradient)

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2
Q

2nd step of respiration

A

Exchange of O2 & CO2 between alveolar air & blood in lung capillaries by diffusion

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3
Q

3rd step of respiration

A

Transport of O2 & CO2 through pulmonary & systemic circulation by bulk flow

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4
Q

4th step of respiration

A

Exchange of O2 & CO2 between blood in capillaries & respiring tissues by diffusion

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5
Q

5th step of respiration

A

Cellular utilisation of O2 & production of CO2

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6
Q

How does air flow occur?

A

From a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure

Air flow is proportional to the different in air pressure

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7
Q

Define ventilation

A

Flow of air in & out of lungs

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8
Q

How to calculate total ventilation per minute (VE)??

A

Breathing rate (R) x Tidal volume (VT)

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9
Q

What is the pressure difference between in lungs?

A

Atmospheric (Patm) & alveolar (Falv)

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10
Q

Define Boyles Law

A

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume

  • A change in volume induces a change in pressure

Pressure decreased - Volume increased
Volume decreased - Pressure increased

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11
Q

What is the change in volume caused by?

A

Respiratory muscle

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12
Q

Mechanism of breathing in

A
  • Diaphragm pulls down (contracts)
  • Chest volume increases
  • Pressure decreases
  • Air flows in
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13
Q

Mechanism of breathing out

A
  • Diaphragm moves up (relaxes)
  • Chest volume decreases
  • Pressure increased
  • Air flows out
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14
Q

Inspiration & expiration at rest

Diaphragm & External Intercostals

A

Inspiration: Diaphragm & external intercostal contract

Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes + recoil of lungs

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15
Q

Inspiration & expiration during exercise

Diaphragm & Internal Intercostals

A

Inspiration: Forceful contraction of diaphragm

Expiration: Abdominals + Internal intercostals contract

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16
Q

What does rib movement allow the chest to do?

A

Expand in 3D

Expansion of chest cavity causes expansion of the lungs

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17
Q

How does expansion of chest cavity cause expansion of the lungs?

A

1) Pressure between the pleura & intrapleural pressure (PIP) is slightly negative
2) As chest cavity expands, PIP becomes MORE NEG
3) Followed by expansion of the lungs

Lungs stretch during inspiration, elasticity allow recoiling

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18
Q

How does air flow into lungs during inspiration?

A

1) Diaphragm & muscles contract, increasing volume of chest cavity
2) PIP falls
3) Alveoli expands
4) Palv falls
5) Pressure difference occurs (Palv < Patm)
6) Air flows into lungs

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19
Q

Define compliance

A

How ‘stretchable’ a tissue is

20
Q

How easily lungs can be expanded by a given change in pressure determines….

A

How much work must be done by respiratory muscles

21
Q

Define total lung capacity (TLC)

A

Maximum breath in

22
Q

Define functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

End of normal breath out

23
Q

Define residual volume (RV)

A

Max breath out

24
Q

Equation for lung compliance

A

Change in volume pressure / Change in trans-pulmonary pressure

25
Q

Define transpulmonary pressure

A

Force that makes lungs expands

Increases when PIP decreases

26
Q

What influences lung compliance?

A

Connective Tissue
Surface Tension

Too much connective tissue = low compliance
Too little connective tissue = high compliance

27
Q

Excess collagen is a feature of which disease?

A

Restrictive lung disease

28
Q

Loss of connective is a feature of which disease?

A

Obstructive lung disease

29
Q

How does low compliance result in impaired gaseous exchange where inspiration is RESTRICTED?

A

Low compliance
- More effort needed to expand lungs when breathing in
- Lung capacity reduced
Impaired gaseous exchange

30
Q

How does high compliance result in impaired gaseous exchange where expiration is OBSTRUCTED?

A

High compliance
- Bronchioles collapse easily during expiration
- Stale air trapped in alveoli
- Impaired gaseous exchange

31
Q

Define surface tension

A

Product of cohesion forces between H2O molecules being strongest at air-water interface

32
Q

Equation for alveolar air pressure (P), tension (T) & radius of alveolus (r)

A

P = 2T / r

33
Q

Does surface tension reduce or increase compliance?

A

Reduce, opposing alveolar expansion

34
Q

What is surface tension reduced by to maintain complaince?

A

Surfactant secreted by type II pneumocytes

35
Q

What is the absence of surfactant a complication in?

A

Premature birth

36
Q

Define airway resistance

A

Properties of the aiways that limit flow of air through them

Important in bronchi & bronchioles

37
Q

Does constriction of bronchioles increase OR decrease airway resistance?

A

Increases

38
Q

Is flow inversely proportional OR proportional to resistance?

A

Inversely proportional

39
Q

Define bronchoconstriction

A

Constriction of airways in the lungs due to tightening of surrounding smooth muscle

40
Q

Define bronchodilation

A

Widening of aiways, easier to breath

41
Q

3 factors that influence the radius of bronchioles

A

1) Neuronal
2) Hormonal
3) Paracrine

42
Q

2 examples of paracrine factors influencing radius of bronchioles

A

CO2, Histamine

43
Q

1 example of hormonal factors influencing radius of bronchioles

A

Adrenaline (in blood)

44
Q

1 example of **neuronal factors **influencing radius of bronchioles

A

Acetylcholine

45
Q

Excessive narrowing of bronchioles is a feature of what disease?

A

ASTHMA & obstructive lung disease

46
Q
A

Fundamentals of Physiology (11 decks)

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