L6 - Introduction to histological interpretation Flashcards
Distinguish between neoplastic and inflammatory growth
Neoplastic is new growth
Inflammatory is the result of inflammation
Give the four signs of malignancy under the microscope
Variation in size and shape among a cell population
Increased nucleus:cytoplasm ratio
mitotic figures
hyperchromatic nuclei
In lymphoma we see loss of _____ definition in the lymph nodes
follicles
What does haematoxylin stain and what does eosin stain?
Haematoxylin - purple -> stains nucleic acids
Eosin - pink -> stains cytoplasm and proteins
A tumour is malignant if it penetrates the ____ _____
Basement membrane
What kind of epithelium exists at the following:
a) bladder
b) male urethra
c) sweat and salivary glands
d) mouth, vagina, oesophagus
e) trachea
f) bronchi
g) ducts, kidney
h) alveoli
bladder - transitional male urethra - stratified columnar sweat and salivary glands - stratified cuboidal mouth, vagina and oesophagus - stratified squamous trachea - pseudostratified columnar bronchi - simple columnar ducts, kidney - simple cuboidal alveoli - simple squamous
Look at the pics in this lecture
T
Describe how apoptosis and necrosis would appear differently under the microscope
Apoptosis - dark cytoplasm/shrunken cell/one cell affected/organised fragmented nucleus/cell membrane intact/no associated inflammation
necrosis - Enlarged, swollen cells/groups of cells affected/loads of other inflammatory cells adjacent/karyorrhexis, karyolysis or pyknosis of nucleus/
Describe
a) karyorrhexis
b) karyolysis
c) pyknosis
pyknosis is condensation of chromatin in the nucleus
karyolysis is the complete dissolution of the nucleus - nucles will just stain pink instead now
karyorrhexis - disorganised fragmentation of the nucleus
How histologically do you easily differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation
In acute there will be loads of neutrophils (lobulated nuclei), in chronic there will be loads of different inflammatory cells but mainly lymphocytes (bigger, darker stained)
A reed-Sternberg cell looks like a pair of googly eyes. What disease is this seen in?
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Differentiate between adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas
adenocarcinomas are gland forming
squamous cell carcinomas contain big pink whirls of keratin
Certain chronic inflammatory diseases may show high levels of a particular cell type, which cell is seen in large numbers in the following?
Hodgkins lymphoma
RA
chronic gastritis
Hodgkins lymphoma - eosinophils
RA - plasma cells
Chronic gastritis - lymphocytes
Briefly explain the likely pathogenesis of tuberculosis
Infection via inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis which then principally affects alveolar macrophages. These are then targeted by macrophages and lung tissue is broken down
What are the signs (microscopic) symptoms of Tb?
chest pain/ fever/ coughing blood
Degradation of lung tissue, Langerhans giant cells and granulomas
