Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PP > L2 - Cell Injury And Cell Death II > Flashcards

L2 - Cell Injury And Cell Death II Flashcards

1
Q

Hypoxia and ischaemia overlap but are different, explain

A

Hypoxia - oxygen deprivation. Can be the result of various things including ischaemia

Ischaemia - an interruption in the blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe two causes of hypoxia, you need to know all 4

A 
Hypoxaemic hypoxia (altitude) - arterial oxygen content is low
Anaemic hypoxia (anaemia) - decreases ability of the haemoglobin to carry oxygen
Ischaemic hypoxia (ischaemia) - interruption of a blood supply 
Histiocytic hypoxia (cell malfunction_ - inability to utilise oxygen in cells due to disabled oxidative phosphorylation enzymes (cyanide poisoning)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can last longer in hypoxic conditions, fibroblasts or neurones?

A

Fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Of the cells components which four regions are most susceptible to injury?

A

Cell membrane
Nucleus
Proteins
Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List two reversible changes that occur from hypoxia cell injury and how they occur

A

Hypoxia -> decreased oxidative phosphorylation -> decreased ATP production

1) cell swelling and blebbing
2) nuclear clumping
3) ER swelling
4) lipid deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List 2 irreversible changes associated with cell injury that can be seen down the microscope

A

Increases in cell membrane permeability - explanation - calcium comes in and calcifies cell

Nuclues pyknosis or karyolysis or karyorrhexis

ER lysis

rupture of lysosomes

myelin figures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why are free radicals dangerous?

A

Because they are extremely reactive due to having an impaired electron in their outer orbit. They are mutagenic and cause production of further free radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name two of the main three most destructive free radicals

A

Hydroxyl (OH)
Superoxide (O2-)
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Apart from during normal metabolic reactions name two other times when free radicals are produced

A

Inflammation
Radiation
Contact with inbound metals in the body
Drugs and other chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Haemachromatosis is a disease in which there are elevated levels of free radicals in the body, what do these patients have too much of in their Body cells?

A

Iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Free radicals are reactive oxidative species (ROS) which oxidise molecules, their main targets are lipids in the cell membrane but also proteins, carbohydrates and DNA. They work by ____-linking the molecules and thus mishaping them making them mutagenic

A

Cross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

During times of cell injury cells also give a heat shock response. Heat shock proteins mend unfolded proteins and maintain cell viability, give an example of one

A

Ubiquitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Oncosis refers to the swelling and other changes that occur in cells prior to death
Necrosis DOES NOT DESCRIBE CELL DEATH, it describes the changes that occur after a cell has been dead some time. Name the 4 major categories of necrosis

A

Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fat necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which kind of necrosis occurs as a result of protein denaturation and mainly is the result of ischaemia in solid organs?

Which type of necrosis is the result of enzymes dissolving tissue, has evidence of an inflammatory response and occurs in loose tissues with poor stromal support?

A

Coagulative

Liquefactive - under the microscope this just looks like nothings there - just a depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Down the microscope in coagulative necrosis we see ‘____’ outlines of cells with no content in them

A

Ghost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In caseous necrosis we see structureless debris, give an example of when we would see this

A

Caseous necrosis is particularly associated with infections.

Tuberculosis in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do we see in fat necrosis

A

Fat deposits that look chalky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is gangrene

A

An appearance of necrosis visible to the naked eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an infarct?

A

Necrosis caused by a reduction of arterial blood flow

20
Q

What is meant by dry gangrene and what kind of necrosis is it?

What is meant by wet gangrene and what kind of necrosis is it?

A

Dry - necrosis modified by exposure to air - coagulative necrosis

Wet - necrosis modified by infection - liquefactive necrosis

21
Q

What is gas gangrene?

A

A form of wet gangrene where the infection is caused by anaerobic bacteria resulting in palpable bubbles underneath the tissue

22
Q

What is sepsis?

A

A condition which arises when the body’s own response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs

23
Q

Give two symptoms of sepsis

A 
Slurring speech of confused
Extreme shivering or muscle pain
Passed no urine in a day
Severely breathless
It feels like you're going to die 
Skin mottled or discoloured/rash
24
Q

What’s the difference between a thrombus and an embolism?

A

Thrombus - a blood clot

Embolism - when an obstruction has moves distant to its original site. Can be a thrombus, has bubble, physical material etc

25
Q

When do white infarcts occur?

A

When an organ only has one blood supply

26
Q

Red infarcts are the result of a region having more than one blood supply there is then a haemorrhage into that region even though the tissue is dead. This can happen in ischaemia-reperfusion injury. What is this?

A

When blood flow is returned to a damaged but not yet necrotic tissue

27
Q

Give two possible bad consequences of reperfusing a damaged area of tissue

A

Increased production of free radicals/
Increased delivery of neutrophils resulting in more damage/
Delivery of complement and activation of the complement pathway resulting in further inflammation/

28
Q

During cell death things can leak out of the membranes too aiding us in diagnosis of the problem. Examples include potassium, enzymes and myoglobin. Which enzyme do we measure for in myocardial infarction?

A

Troponin I

29
Q

Necrosis is always pathological. Apoptosis can be pathological but mainly physiological. Give three characteristics that can show us the cell death is apoptotic and not necrotic

A
  • Cell shrinkage
  • Organised DNA cleavage
  • Membrane integrity is maintained
  • Formation of apoptotic bodies (buding rather than blebbing)
  • Lysosomal enzymes NOT involved
  • NO ASSOCIATED INFLAMMATION
30
Q

Give an example of when apoptosis occurs a) physiologically b) pathologically

A

a) embryogenesis in formation of digits) homeostasis/ hormone controlled involutopn
b) Cytotoxic (T killer) cells killing of virally infected cells/when cells are damaged/graft versus host disease

31
Q

Apoptosis is comprised of an intracellular and extracellular pathway. Briefly describe each

A

-Intrinsic
Signals from within the cell activate apoptosis

Extrinsic
EC signals like TNFalpha is secreted by T killer cells cause apoptosis

32
Q

When do abnormal cellular accumulations of water and electrolytes occur?

A

In cell injury

33
Q

When do lipids accumulate in the cell (steatosis)? And why?

A

in the liver. Result of alcohol/untreated diabetes/obesity/toxins
/In xanthoma (yellow patches on skin) - accumulated cholesterol

34
Q

What is Mallory’s hyaline? When is it seen?

A

Accumulation of damaged keratin filaments in helatocytes of the liver - seen in alcoholics

35
Q

Give two other abnormal cellular accumulations apart from water, electrolytes and lipids

A

Coal in lungs of coal workers/
Alpha 1 antitrypsin accumulation in those with the deficiency/
Tattooing/
Iron deposits in haemachromatosis/
Bilirubin deposits in jaundice (bilirubin is the breakdown product of heme, can’t be excreted due to blocked ducts/

36
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Abnormal deposits of calcium salts in tissues, occurs in areas of dying tissue. Result of increased membrane permeability. Can cause organ dysfunction like calcifying heart valves

Not the result of a problem with calcium metabolism. Normal serum calcium and phosphate levels

37
Q

What is metastatic calcification

A

The result of a disturbance in calcium metabolism, increased serum calcium levels -> calcium salt crystals again deposited in regions in body.

38
Q

What is senescence?

A

Inability to divide any more, reached maximum number of divisions, result of termites reaching critical length

39
Q

What can excessive alcohol intake result in

A

Liver cirrhosis
Fatty deposits on liver
Acute alchohol hepatitis - inflammation of liver
Explanation - remember -itis = inflammation

40
Q

Give three causes of cell injury and death

A

hypoxia/trauma/chemicals/microbes/radiation/autoimmunity/dietary problems

41
Q

Name two causes of hypercalcaemia

A

Primary - Parathyroid tumour
secondary - renal failure and retention of phosphate
Ectopic - PTH secreting carcinomas like small celll carcinomas
Wide spread tissue destruction e.g. cancer.s

42
Q

What type of hypoxia would Carbon monoxide poisoning cause?

A

Anaemic - it binds to haemoglobin ad reduces it’s oxygen carrying abilities

43
Q

How does apoptosis differ from oncosis?

A

Shrinkage and chromatin condensation/budding/apoptotic bodies phagocytoed/NOT associated with inflammation/physiological NOT pathological/single cells

44
Q

In cell injury the Na/K stops working, ion leakage can be worked out from this, T/F?

A

T

45
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Replacement of normal functional tissue by scar tissue

PP (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions