Extra questions from formative 2

Question 1

What are the three functions of the complement system?

Answer 1

Opsonisation
Deliver of proteins for chemotaxis
Killing bacteria by punching holes in it

Question 2

Describe the clinical symptoms of inherited angio-oedema

Answer 2

Non-itchy oedema of the face and airway causing breathlessness
Recurrent abdominal pain due to intestinal oedema

Question 3

List four functions of macrophages

Answer 3

Antigen presentation
release of chemokines
phagocytosis
stimulation og angiogenesis
induction of fever, acute phase proteins and cachexia

Question 4

Name two permanent tissues which would heal with a scar

Answer 4

Skeletal muscle/neural tissue

Question 5

Name the principal constituents of granulation tissue

Answer 5

Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, capillaries

Question 6

List four local factors which can impair wound healing

Answer 6

Poor blood supply/local infection/presence of foreign bodies/poor surgical technique/mechanical stress on healing tissue

Question 7

Describe the difference between thrombosis and clotting

Answer 7

Thrombosis is a pathological formation of a solid mass from blood constituents within a vessel during life

Clotting is a physiological process where blood forms a mass to control bleeding when vessels are severed

Question 8

What is an aneurysm the result of ?

Answer 8

atherosclerosis

Question 9

What are two complications of an aneurysm?

Answer 9

Burst vessel and ahemorrhage

Thromboembolism to legs

Question 10

Give two causes of ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 10

systemic hypertension/tetralogy of fallot/stenosis of heart valves/hypertrophic cardiomyopathy/ischaemic heart disease

Question 11

What kind of cancer does barrets aoesophagus predispose to?

Answer 11

oesophageal adenocarcinoma

Question 12

Why is it that both alleles of a TS gene need be mutated but only one of a proto-oncogene for neoplasm growth to be favourable

Answer 12

Mutations in TS genes are inactivating and thus require both to be deactivated whereas mutations in proto-oncogenes are activating and thus only require one

Question 13

Give 3 tumour markers and their associated cancers

Answer 13

Human chorionic gonadotrophin - testicular tumours
calcitonin - thyroid tumour
catecholamine - pheochromocytoma
prostate specific antigen - prostate cancer
CA - 123 ovarian cancer

Question 14

What type of cancer is the most common type of cervical cancer?

Answer 14

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 15

Name the five cancers which frequently metastasise to bone

Answer 15

Breast/prostate/kidney/thyroid/bronchus