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Y3 Medical Micro > L6 Gram negative bacteria > Flashcards

L6 Gram negative bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

what are the gram negative cocci

A

neisseria meningitidis
neisseria gonorrhoeae
moraxella catarrhalis

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2
Q

what is the gram negative cell wall

A 
outer membrane (LPS) contains adhesins
periplasmic space (thin PG)
cytoplasmic membrane
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3
Q

what is the shape of neisseria meningitidis and neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

diplococci

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4
Q

how do neisseria meningitidis and neisseria gonorrhoeae grow and what is the best plate they grow on

A

fastidious

grow well on chocolate agar at 37°C in 5% CO2

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5
Q

what are the neisseria meningitidis and neisseria gonorrhoeae colonies like

A

transparent
non-hemolytic
1-5mm diameter

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6
Q

are neisseria meningitidis and neisseria gonorrhoeae oxidase +/-

A

positive as have cytochrome

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7
Q

what do neisseria meningitidis and neisseria gonorrhoeae metabolise

A

both metabolise glucose
meningococcus also utilises maltose
form acid

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8
Q

what pathogen is neisseria meningitidis

A

obligate human pathogen

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9
Q

where does neisseria meningitidis infect

A

back of throat

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10
Q

how many of the population are asymptomatic to neisseria meningitidis and where do they carry

A

10%
nasopharyngeal carriage
cant infect the blood stream

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11
Q

how are neisseria meningitidis segregated

A

Meningococci are segregated into 12 serogroups – serogroups A, B, C, W and Y cause most infections

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12
Q

what vaccine is there available for neisseria meningitidis

A

ACWY

B

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13
Q

what does neisseria meningitidis cause

A 
bacterial meningitis in children and young adults 
septicaemia 
septic arthritis
endophthalmitis 
conjunctivitis
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14
Q

what are the effects of meningococcal meningitis

A

marked neck
stiffness
photophobia
arching back

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15
Q

how is meningococcal meningitis diagnosed

A

lumbar puncture = CSF fluid meant to be clear like water, but if have bacterial meningitis = cloudy caused by the WBC

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16
Q

what are the effects of meningococcal septicaemia

A

purpuric non-blanching rash

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17
Q

how is neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted

A

common bacterial infection transmitted by sexual contact or perinatally

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18
Q

how are neisseria gonorrhoeae inoculated

A

dont tolerate drying - need to be inoculated onto appropriate media immediately

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19
Q

what are the samples for neisseria gonorrhoeae diagnosis

A

cervial, pharyngeal, rectal

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20
Q

what does neisseria gonorrhoeae cause

A

urethritis (men)
cervicitis (mainly women)
women are asymptomatic
in neonates - opthalmia neonatorum - eye infection

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21
Q

why do neisseria gonorrhoeae not tolerate drying

A

no capsule

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22
Q

what is the gram stain of urethral discharge like

A

many polymorphonuclear cells

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23
Q

what does disseminated GC cause

A

skin lesions

septic arthritis

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24
Q

what is indistinguishable between moraxella catarrhalis and the neisseria

A

gram stains

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25
where does moraxella catarrhalis colonise
upper respiratory tract
26
how many people carry moraxella catarrhalis (harmless)
5% adults (harmless)
27
what does moraxella catarrhalis cause
otitis media sinusitis pneumonia in the elderly and in patients with other lung diseases
28
where is E. coli a commensal
flora in GI tract
29
what is the 'respiration' of E. coli
facultatively anaerobic
30
what are is the indole test for e. coli
positive (most strains)
31
what can e. coli ferment
lactose (most strains)
32
is e. coli motile
yes
33
what is e. coli similar genetically to
shigella
34
what infections does e. coli cause
``` UTI neonatal adhesions wound infection intra-adbominal abscess diarrhoea haemolytic uraemic syndrome ```
35
what percentage of UTIs are caused by E. coli
70% as they have specific adhesion
36
what e. colis cause diarrhoea
``` enteropathogenic (EPEC) enteroaggregative (EAEC) enterotoxigenic (ETEC) enteroinvasive (EIEC) verocytotoxin-producing (VTEC; eg O157) ```
37
what is the air required for camplyobacter
micro-aerophilic (lower oxygen)
38
what shape bacteria is campylobacter
spiral
39
what temp does campylobacter grow
42
40
what is the oxidase for camyplobacter
positive
41
what sample is used for campylobacter
stool
42
what is campylobacter caused by
food poisoning
43
when does campylobacter peak
summer | esp children/young adults
44
what does campylobacter look like on selective agar
water droplets
45
what is the incubation period of campylobacter jejuni
3-4 days | sometimes 8-9
46
which is the most common campylobacter
c. jejuni
47
what are the symptoms of c. jejuni
``` prodromal fever headache diarrhoea, (+/- blood) vomiting abdominal pain ```
48
c. jejuni treatments
erythromycin or ciprofloxacin if required
49
how many pseudomonads species are there
>200
50
what environments are pseudomonads associated with
moist
51
which pseudomonads is most associated with human disease
pseudomonads aeruginosa
52
is pseudomonads sporing
no
53
has pseudomonads got a capsule
no
54
are pseudomonads motile
usually
55
what is the 'respiration' for pseudomonads
strictly aerobic
56
what do many pseudomonads strains make
pigments e.g. pyocyanin (green)
57
what is pseudomonads metabolism
oxidative
58
where does pseudomonads colonise
wounds otits externa (ear infection) maliganant otitis media (middle ear infection) eyes
59
what can pseudomonads infections cause
septicaemia in immunocompromised/ burn patients | pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients
60
what is seen on cystic fibrosis patients from pseudomonads infection
Lots of extra cellular polysaccharide production in CF patients
61
what are examples of non-fermenting heterogeneous bacteria
acinetobacter flavobacterium alcaligenes
62
what are non ferments like biochemically
biochemically inert
63
what is the effect of antibiotics on non-fermenters
no effect - resistant
64
what is the shape of vibrionaceae
short comma shaped bacilli
65
are vibrionaceae motile
actively motile
66
are vibrionaceae fermentative
yes
67
are vibrionaceae oxidase +/-
positive
68
are vibrionaceae halophilic
Halophilic (eg. V. vulnificus) or non-halophilic (eg. V. cholera)
69
what plates can vibrionaceae be grown on
thiosulphate, citrate, bile-salt, sucrose (TCBS) agar | in alkaline peptone-water
70
what enhances vibrionaceae growth
alkaline enviro
71
growth of vibrionaceae on TCBS
ferments sucrose and makes yellow colonies
72
what vibrionaceae cause epidemic cholera
v. cholerae O1 and O139
73
how do you get infected with v. parahaemolyticus
food poisoning - shellfish
74
what does v. vulnificus cause
fulminating septicaemia cellulitis acute diarrhoea
75
what is important for cholera patients
replace the water lost
76
what is the most common pathogen of haemophilus
h. influenzae
77
what is the shape of haemophilus
pleomorphic (different lengths/shapes) | coccobacilli
78
does haemophilus have a capsule
have capsular types a-f | but also non-capsulate strains are common
79
what is the most important capsular type
b - polysacchairde polymer of ribosyl ribitol phosphate
80
what agar does H. influenzae grow well on under what conditions
chocolate agar in CO2– requires haemin (X factor) and NADP (V fcactor)
81
why is H. influenzae the most invasive
due to serotype b
82
what does H. influenzae cause
major cause of severe sepsis in childhood
83
is there a vaccine for H. influenzae
Hib vaccine
84
can adults be infected with H. influenzae
occasional infections in adults with underlying disease
85
examples of the invasive infections caused by H. influenzae
``` meningitis epiglottitis bacteraemia pneumonia septic arthritis cellulitis ```
86
how is H. influenzae identified
grown on plate with XV factor, X factor onown and H. influenzae factor on own - only growth around the H. influenzae factor disk
87
what is the habitat of legionellae
water
88
what does legionellae cause
pneumonia
89
what is the most important legionellae species
L. pneumophila serogroup 1 causes most infections
90
how does legionellae infect
inhalation of aerosols from manmade water sources e.g. cooling towers
91
how are legionellae detected
urine antigen detection often useful – capsule from organism excreted in urine = rapid test
92
why cant legionellae be diagnosed via culturing and plating
Culture on Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar with alpha-ketoglutarate – grows slowly 5+ days needed
93
why are legionellae still cultured even though takes too long to diagnose from plate
useful to detect where the source is from
94
what does legionella look like on BCYE agar
ground glass colonies
95
what are the gram-negative anaerobe species
Bacteroides / Prevotella / Fusobacterium spp.
96
where are gram negative anaerobes a normal flora
GI tract
97
how are gram negative anaerobes identified
colonial appearance metronidazole sensitivity biochemical reactions
98
where is it best to isolate gram negative anaerobes from
pus or tissue specimens | NOT swab
99
what do gram negative anaerobes cause
``` intra-abdominal sepsis abscesses wound infection bacteraemia (rare) aspiration pneumonia Lemierre’s disease - rare ```
100
what is the shape of Pasteurella multocida
pleomorphic bi-polar bacilli
101
is Pasteurella multocida oxidase +/-
positive
102
is Pasteurella multocida penicillin sensitive
yes unlinke other coliforms
103
what agar cant Pasteurella multocida grow on
macconkey
104
what does Pasteurella multocida cause
septicaemia and respiratory tract infection, often fatal
105
what pathogen is Pasteurella multocida
animal
106
can humans be infected by Pasteurella multocida
yes via animal bite
107
what happens following Pasteurella multocida infected animal bite
cellulitis/local abscesses | occasionally septic arthritis or even meningitis
108
what is the Moraxella catarrhalis like
intracellular gram negative diplococcus

Y3 Medical Micro (16 decks)

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