L1 Nature of Immunity

Question 1

how was smallpox protected against before vaccines

Answer 1

if infected with cowpox can survive as they have very similar structure= immunological memory

Question 2

what is the response to a diverse nature of pathogens

Answer 2

range of defence mechanisms

Question 3

what is the response to a vast range of pathogens

Answer 3

vast range of antigen receptors

Question 4

what is the response to rapid growth of microbes

Answer 4

a rapid inflammatory response

Question 5

what is the the response to minimise host damage

Answer 5

regulatory mechanisms

Question 6

what does an immune response to infection involve

Answer 6

recognition and defence

Question 7

what is recognition

Answer 7

locate and identify the pathogen

Question 8

what is defence

Answer 8

repel or destroy the pathogen

Question 9

what are the cardinal features of immune system

Answer 9

specificity
memory
self-discrimination

Question 10

what is the levels of defence against a pathogen

Answer 10

physical barrier
innate immune
adaptive immune

Question 11

what is the innate immune system like

Answer 11

rapid anf generic

Question 12

what is the adaptive immune system like

Answer 12

slower and specific

Question 13

what are the limitations to physical barriers

Answer 13

respiratory tract
urogenital tract
gastrointestinal tract

Question 14

what are the cells of the innate immunity

Answer 14

dendritic
macrophage
mast
granulocytes

Question 15

what are the granulocyte cells

Answer 15

basophil
natural killer cell
complement
neutrophil
eosionphil

Question 16

what are the cells of the innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 16

natural killer T cell

gamma delta T cell

Question 17

what are the cells of the adaptive immunity

Answer 17

B cell

T cell

Question 18

what is the function of a mast cell

Answer 18

rapid inflammatory response - releases histamine

Question 19

what is the role of a neutrophil

Answer 19

neutrophil in blood circulation – recruited to the location then phagocytose

Question 20

what is the role of a macropahge

Answer 20

in the tissues - recruited to location then phagocytose

Question 21

how does the innate immune response occur

Answer 21

PRRs recognised the PAMPs (only on pathogens)

Question 22

where are PRRs

Answer 22

have surface and endosomal recognition as pathogens hide inside cells- intracellular pathogen

Question 23

how is a pathogen phagocytosed and killed

Answer 23

chemotaxis
adherence via PAMP
cell activation via PRR
initiate phagocytosis
release degradation products
bacterial killing and digestion
phaolysosome formed
phagosome formed

Question 24

what happens when the complement system is activated

Answer 24

complement opsonises pathogen – puts some complement onto the pathogen
when complement opsonising this section binds to activate mast cells vasodilation
complement receptors recognise tags - bind and digest

Question 25

what is the effect vasodilation after complement activation

Answer 25

cells circulating in blood can leave blood and go to the tissues to the location of infection

Question 26

what ate the three pathways

Answer 26

classical
lectin
alternative

Question 27

what pathways are antibody dependent

Answer 27

classical

Question 28

what pathways are antibody independent

Answer 28

lectin

alternative

Question 29

what do the pathways lead to

Answer 29

activation of C3 and generation of C3 convertase
then activation of C5
lytic attack pathway

Question 30

which pathway activates the complement

Answer 30

lectin

Question 31

where does the innate immune system take place

Answer 31

in tissue where infection is

Question 32

how are adaptive immune responses activated

Answer 32

B and T cells need information on the pathogen – taken to local lymph node
Lymph nodes full of B and T cells with specific receptors on surface
Activated B and T go back to blood circulation

Question 33

how is the B and T cell information taken to the lymph node

Answer 33

via the afferent lymphatic system to local lymph node

Question 34

how do activated B and T cells get into blood circulation

Answer 34

via thoracic duct

Question 35

what does adaptive cell mediated immunity involve

Answer 35

T cells

Question 36

what does adaptive humoral immunity involve

Answer 36

B cells

Question 37

where does the T/B cells bind to the pathogen

Answer 37

variable region - antigen binding sites

Question 38

what does the T helper cell do

Answer 38

T helper CD4 helps other cells clear pathogen from body

Question 39

what does the T CD8 cell do

Answer 39

T cytotoxic CD8 kills virally infected cells

Question 40

what is the recognition of innate immunity like

Answer 40

rapid- hours
fixed
limited number of specificities
constant during response

Question 41

what is the adaptive immunity like

Answer 41

slow -days to weeks
variable
numerous highly selective specificities
improves during response

Question 42

what are the stages of a primary immune response

Answer 42

1. epithelial barrier
2. immediate local response
3. innate inflammatory
4. later adaptive response

Question 43

what are the immediate local responses of the innate

Answer 43

complement proteins

macrophages

Question 44

what are the innate inflammatory responses

Answer 44

inflammatory mediators from complement, macrophages, mast cells
attract leucocytes and serum proteins (more complement)

Question 45

what is the later adaptive response

Answer 45

antigen carriage by dendritic cells to lymphoid tissue
activation of specific T and B lymphocytes and AB production
recirculation to infection site

Question 46

what happens after primary infection - second infection

Answer 46

preformed AB and effector T cells in tissues and blood immediate
memory T and B cells faster and bigger responses