Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y3 Medical Micro > L5 Viral pathogenesis 1 > Flashcards

L5 Viral pathogenesis 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

how can humans transmit to other humans

A

direct contact e.g.sexual

environmental e.g. faecal oral, aerosols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a chronic carrier

A

shed virus for long period, can be for life – persistent, virus actively replicating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is an acutely infected individual

A

over short period spread virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how do animals spread viruses to humans

A

direct bite
insect transmission
environmental
zoonosis – transmission across species barrier, e.g. SIV=HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the respiratory route of infection

A

sneezing, coughing
inhale the aerosol droplets
contaminated surface - touch mouth/nose/eyes (rhinovirus esp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what protects against airborne viruses

A

cilia and mucus provide important physical protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the best environment for virus survival

A

dry and cool e.g.steel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how is the GI tract infected

A

faecal oral route

food and water contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what virsues are faecal oral infectors of GI tract

A

Enteroviruses (Coxsackie, Polio etc.), Small Round Structured Viruses, norovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what must the virus be like to survive in the GI tract

A

acid stable

non-enveloped (bile salts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why cant GI tract viruses be enveloped

A

duodenum – bile salts released here, they’re emulsifiers (kill envelope viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how is rotavirus activated in the body

A

rotavirus isn’t infective until it gets activated by acid – pH changes, protein changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how do viruses infect via the transcutaneous route

A

insect/animal bite

IDVA, needle stick injury, transfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how is the transcutaneous route protected

A

skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does the bite location affect infection

A

If bitten in the neck isn’t as far to travel to head but leg is longer for infection – replicates in brain and changes the behaviour of the animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does HIV risk change with genitial tract infection

A

more at risk as already compromised
up-regulation of virus receptors
infiltration of permissive cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

genital tract or rectal mucosa infections

A 
HSV2 (and HSV1)
CMV
HBV
HPV
HIV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is an acute infection

A

short lived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a persistent/chronic infection

A

virus always replicating and releasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a latent infection

A

infected and virus becomes dormant, expresses latency genes – eventually immune response isn’t sufficient to keep virus under control - remerges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why are you susceptible to re-infection by some acute viral infections

A

short-lived immunity

immune escape due to mutations, genetic drift, genetic shift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

examples of genetic drift

A

RSV and influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

examples of genetic shift

A

influenza A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is genetic shift

A

two viruses e.g. human and a chicken virus infect e.g. pig = genes moved between and lead to new viruses – new pieces of material

25
Q

what is genetic drift

A

mutated via point mutations that the immunity doesn’t recognise it anymore

26
Q

what does hep B virus cause

A

chronic liver disease and occasionally hepatocellular carcinoma

27
Q

how many can clear the hep B virus

A

90%

28
Q

how many will die from hep B

A

<1%

29
Q

how many will be chronic hep B carriers

A

10%

30
Q

what virus is hep B

A

RT DNA virus

31
Q

what virus is hep C

A

+ strand RNA virus

32
Q

how many have chronic hep C infection

A

~80% cases

33
Q

what can 10-30 years chronic hep C infection cause

A

cirrhosis and HCC

34
Q

what is hep C associated with

A 
non-hepatic disease
mixed cryoglobulinaemia (don’t make same number of antibodies as normal)
35
Q

what is the chronic infection of HIV

A

100%

36
Q

what does HIV cause

A

AIDS

37
Q

what are the progression rates of HIV

A

1-15 years

38
Q

what is the primary infection of herpesvirus

A

varicella- chickenpox

39
Q

examples of latent infection

A

varicella zoster virus

epstein barr virus

40
Q

what is the latent site for varicella zoster virus

A

neurones

41
Q

what is the latent site for epstein barr virus

A

B lymphocytes

42
Q

what causes secondary or reactivation of latent viruses

A

host/environmental factors, usually associated with suppression of immune system

43
Q

what viruses are associated with cancer

A

papillomaviruses - cervical
human herpesvirus 8
chronic hepatitis - hepatocellular carcinoma

44
Q

what does human herpes virus 8 cause

A

EBV immortalisation of B cells

45
Q

what does chronic hepatitis cause

A

inhibition of apoptosis

46
Q

what is CPE

A

cytopathic effect

viruses grow some cells morphologically change

47
Q

examples of virus cells that can undergo CPE

A

primary cell cultures

continuous (cancer) cell lines

48
Q

what are diagnostics of CPE

A

syncytia or multinucleated cells
cell lysis
inclusion bodies

49
Q

what do influenza viruses cause

A

epithelial cell death

50
Q

what is the effect of epithelial death in influenza

A

give rise to opportunistic secondary bacterial infections (pneumonia)

51
Q

what are the types of acute infection

A

symptomatic

asymptomatic

52
Q

what is a factor of infection risk

A

age dependent

53
Q

what are the early acute symptoms

A

fever aches shivers

54
Q

what are the symptoms of HSV, VZV, hand foot and mouth

A

vesicles

55
Q

what are the symptoms of MMR

A

rash

56
Q

what are the clinical symptoms of human papilomavirus

A

warts

genital warts - associated to cancer

57
Q

how is human papillomavirus transmitted

A

direct contact

contaminated surfaces/fomites

58
Q

what is the effect of congenital rubella

A

severe life threatening disease
infected infant has abnormalities
infect fetus in the placenta
TORCH syndrome

Y3 Medical Micro (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions