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Y3 Medical Micro > L13 Immune defence > Flashcards

L13 Immune defence Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are the pathogens were exposed to

A

bacteria
viruses
parasites
fungi

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2
Q

what is involved in innate immunity

A

complement
macrophages/neutrophils
eosinophils
mast cells

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3
Q

what is the role of complement

A

opsonisation
cellular recruitment
lysis

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4
Q

what is the role of macrophages/neutrophils

A

phagocytosis

intracellular digestion

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5
Q

what is the role of eosinophils

A

extracellular digestion

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6
Q

what is the role of mast cells

A

inflammation

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7
Q

what is involved in adaptive immunity

A

B cells

T cells

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8
Q

what is the role of B cells

A

immunoglobulin production

antibody mediated/humoral

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9
Q

what is the role of T cells

A

helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
(cell mediated)

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10
Q

what are the three pathways

A

classical
lectin
alternative

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11
Q

which pathways are antibody independent

A

lectin

alternative

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12
Q

which pathways are antibody dependent

A

classical

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13
Q

what do the three pathways do

A

activate C3 and generation of C5 convertase

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14
Q

what does C5 convertase do

A

lytic attack pathway

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15
Q

what happens in the classic pathway

A

antibody bind to specific antigen on pathogen surface

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16
Q

what happens in the lectin pathway

A

mannose binding lectin binds to pathogen surface

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17
Q

what happens in the alternative pathway

A

pathogen surface makes local environment conductive to complement activation

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18
Q

what happens when complement activated

A

C3b covalently bound to surface compounds of pathogen

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19
Q

what happens when C3b binds to pathogen

A

death of pathogen by:
recruitment of inflammatory cells
opsonise pathogen
perforation of pathogen membrane

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20
Q

what are the physiological complement activation consequences

A

lysis of bacteria
chemotaxis of phagocyte
opsonisation of bacteria

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21
Q

what happens in macrophage killing

A

bacteria bind to endocytic receptors of macrophages
engulfment and degradation
bacterial components binding to signalling receptors of macrophages induce inflammatory cytokines

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22
Q

what happens in neutrophil killing

A

neutrophil expresses receptors for many bacterial constituents neutrophils engulf and digest bacteria they bind to

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23
Q

where is macrophage killing

A

intracellular

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24
Q

where is neutrophil killing

A

intracellular

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25
Q

what are the macrophage and neutrophil bactericidal agents

A 
acidification
toxic oxygen derived products
toxic nitrogen oxides
antimicrobial peptides
enzymes
competitors
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26
Q

what pH is macrophage and neutrophils acidification

A

3.5-4

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27
Q

what are they toxic oxygen derived products of macrophage and neutrophils

A 
superoxide O2-
hydrogen peroxide H2O2
singlet oxygen 1O2*
hydroxyl radical OH*
hypohalite OCI
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28
Q

what are the toxic nitrogen oxides of macrophage and neutrophils

A

nitric oxide NO

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29
Q

what are the antimicrobial peptides of macrophage and neutrophils

A

defensins

cationic proteins

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30
Q

what are the enzymes of macrophage and neutrophils

A

NAPDH dependent oxidases
lysozyme
acid hydrolases

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31
Q

what are the competitors of macrophage and neutrophils

A

lactoferrin (binds Fe) and vitamin V12 binding proteins

32
Q

where is eosinophil killing

A

extracellular

33
Q

what are the preformed and newly synthesised products of eosinophils

A 
enzymes
toxic protein
cytokine
chemokine
lipid mediator
34
Q

what are the preformed and newly synthesised proteins of eosinophils products

A

eosinophil peroxide

eosinophil collagenase

35
Q

what do eosinophil peroxide do

A

toxic to target by catalysing halogenation

trigger histamine release by mast cells

36
Q

what do eosinophil collagenase do

A

remodel connective tissue matrix

37
Q

what are the preformed and newly synthesised toxic proteins of eosinophils products

A

major basic protein
eosinophil cationic protein
eosinophil derived neurotoxin

38
Q

what are the biological effects of major basic protein for eosinophils

A

toxic to parasites and mammalian cells

triggers histamine release by amst cells

39
Q

what are the biological effects of eosinophil cationic protein

A

toxic to parasite

neurotoxin

40
Q

what are the biological effects of eosinophil derived neurotoxin

A

neurotoxin

41
Q

what are the cytokines from eosinophils

A

IL3
IL5
GM-CSF

42
Q

what do the eosinophil cytokines do

A

amplify eosinophil production by bone marrow

cause eosinophil activation

43
Q

what are the eosinophil chemokines

A

CXCL8

44
Q

what do the eosinophil and chemokines do

A

promote leukocyte influx

45
Q

what are the lipid mediators of eosinophils

A

leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4

platelet activating factor

46
Q

what do eosinophil leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4 do

A

cause smooth muscle contraction
increase vascular permeability
cause mucus secretion

47
Q

what do eosinophil platelet activating factor do

A

chemotatic to leukocytes
amplify lipid mediator production
activate neutrophils, eosinophils and platelets

48
Q

what are the products of a mast cell

A 
enzyme
toxic mediator 
cytokine
chemokine
lipid mediator
49
Q

what are the mast cell enzymes

A

tryptase
chymase
cathepsin G
carboxypeptidase

50
Q

what is the biological effect of mast cell enzymes

A

remodel connective tissue matrix

51
Q

what are the toxic mediators of mast cells

A

histamine

herapin

52
Q

what is the biological effect of mast cell toxic mediators

A

toxic to parasite
increase vascular permeability
cause smooth muscle contraction

53
Q

what are the mast cell cytokines

A

TNF-alpha
IL4, IL13
IL3, IL5, GM-CSF

54
Q

what are the mast cell TNF-alpha biological effects

A

promote inflammation

stimulate cytokine production

55
Q

what are the mast cell IL4 and IL13 biological effects

A

stimulate and amplify Th2 cell response

56
Q

what are the IL3, Il5 and GM-CSF

A

promote eosinophil production and activation

57
Q

what are the mast cell chemokines

A

CCL3

58
Q

what is the biological effect of mast cell chemokines

A

chemotatic for monocytes, macrophafes and neutrophils

59
Q

what are the mast cell lipid mediators

A

leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4

platelet activating factor

60
Q

what is the biological effect of mast cell leukotrienes

A

smooth muscle contraction
increase vascular permeability
mucus secretion

61
Q

what is the biological effect of mast cell platelet activating factor

A

chemotactic for leukocytes
amplify lipid mediator production
activate neutrophils, eosinophils and platelets

62
Q

what are the two adaptive immunities

A

cell mediated

humoral

63
Q

what happens to bacterial toxins

A

neutralisation

ingestion by macrophage

64
Q

what happens to bacteria in extracellular space

A

opsonisation

ingestion by parasite

65
Q

what happens to bacteria in plasma

A

complement activation

lysis and ingestion

66
Q

what happens in antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

A

antibody binds antigens on target cell surface
Fc receptors on NK recognise bound antibody
crosslinking Fc receptors signal NK to kill - apopotosis

67
Q

what is ADCC

A

antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

68
Q

what is involved in cell mediated immunity

A

CD4 TH1 cell and macrophage
cytokines
activated macrophage

69
Q

what is involved in humoral immunity

A

CD4 TH2 and B cell
cytokines
plasma cell and antibodies

70
Q

what does cytotoxic T cell recognise

A

complex of viral peptide with MHCI and kills infected cell

71
Q

what are the cytotoxic effector moleucles

A

perforin
granzymes
granulysin
Fas ligand

72
Q

what are the immune responses

A

extracellular infection
intracellular vesicular infection
intracellular cytosolic infection

73
Q

what happens in extra cellular infection

A

Innate immune response activated
Complement activation and phagocytosis
At the same time info on the pathogen transported via lymphatic system to local lymphoid organ
Naïve B cells and T cells that are activated recirculate
B cells make antibodies
T cells activated and effector cells – help clear pathogen

74
Q

what happens in intra cellular vesicle infection

A

Interferons and NK cells (innate immune response)
Info taken to local lymphoid tissue
Activation of Th1 and CD8 cytotoxic T cells
Recirculate and kill virally infected cells

75
Q

what happens in intra cellular cytosolic infection

A

Phagocytes have already ingested the pathogen
Info on the pathogen taken to local lymphoid organ
Need cell mediated response (Th1)
Th1 activated and recirculate to infection site – make cytokine signals to activate macrophages to better intracellularly digest

Y3 Medical Micro (16 decks)

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