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Biochemistry > L6: DNA as genetic material > Flashcards

L6: DNA as genetic material Flashcards

1
Q

What was DNA discovered as in 1869?

A

Nuclein

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2
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

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3
Q

Define nucleotide

A

A molecule made up of a nitrogenous base, sugar, and 1 or more phosphate groups

e.g adenosine monophosphate (AMP), deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP)

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4
Q

Define nucleoside

A

A molecule made up of a nitrogenous base & sugar

e.g (deoxy) adenosine, (deoxy) guanosine, (deoxy) cytidine

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5
Q

Define polynucleotide

A

Combination of nucleotide monomers which are connected through covalent bonds

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6
Q

Which bases are purines?

A

Adenine & Guanine

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7
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines?

A

Thymine & Cytosine

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8
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Right-handed double helix composed of 2 antiparallel sugar-phosphate ‘backbone’

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9
Q

How many hydrogens bond between A-T?

A

2

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10
Q

Where are the nitrogenous bases pair on the helix?

A

Inside

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11
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between C-G?

A

3

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12
Q

What is the direction of DNA backbone?

A

5’ to 3’

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13
Q

How can hydrogen bonds be disrupted?

A

Heat or chemicals

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14
Q

When does the major groove in DNA occur?

A

When backbones are far apart

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15
Q

When does the minor groove in DNA occur?

A

When they are close together

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16
Q

What is the major groove like in an RNA molecule?

A

Narrow & deep

17
Q

What is the minor groove like in an RNA molecule?

A

Wide & shallow

18
Q

What makes up a nucleoside?

A

Base + Sugar

19
Q

What makes up a nucleoside triphosphate?

A

Base + Sugar + Triphosphate

20
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

Base + Sugar + Phosphate

21
Q

What is a nucleotide sequence that pairs with another given sequence ?

A

The reverse complement of the original sequence

22
Q

What is genomic DNA?

A

DNA that represents the entire genome

23
Q

How is DNA in eukaryotic cells?

A

Homologous pairs of linear chromosomes in the nucleus

24
Q

How is DNA in prokaryotic cells?

A

Single circular chromosome in the cytoplasm

25
Q

What is extrachromosomal DNA?

A

Any DNA found off chromosomes, inside or outside the nucleus of a cell

26
Q

What DNA is found inside mitchondria?

A

Circular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

27
Q

What DNA is found inside chloroplasts?

A

Single copy of cpDNA (circular)

28
Q

What are the circular DNA in prokaryotic cells?

29
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 (23 pairs)

30
Q

What is the protein that genomic DNA in eukaryotes wound around?

31
Q

What is the function of genes in DNA?

A

Section of a DNA that codes for proteins

Biochemistry (15 decks)

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