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Poultry Medicine (Fall 2016) > L6-7: AI/Duck Viral Enteritis > Flashcards

L6-7: AI/Duck Viral Enteritis Flashcards

1
Q

AI: type of virus

A

Orthomyxoviridae

  • enveloped, segmented, ssRNA virus
  • 2 surface glycoproteins: H and N
  • HA is the major viral antigen
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2
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Result of point mutations accumulated during AIV replication

-requires incorporation of emerging strains in current vaccines

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3
Q

Antigenic SHIFT

A

Reassorted AIV emerges when 2 different sub-types infect the same host
-new reassortants may allow for the infection of different host species

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4
Q

Distr. of AI

A

Worldwide

Recently: netherlands, Australia, SE Asia, Eurasia, Nigeria, Egypt, Germany, Mexico, US

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5
Q

Pathology of AI

A

(Similar to NCD)

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6
Q

Transmission of AI

A
  • migratory waterfowl are main reservoirs
  • once in poultry flocks, virus spreads by mvmt of infected poultry, secretions, excretion, contaminated equipment, airborne, or garbage flies
  • juvenile Mallard ducks have the highest isolation rate (60% in late summer)
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7
Q

CS of LPAI

A

(Varies by age, species, and virus virulence)

  • resp. Signs: cough, sneeze, wheeze, tears, sinus swelling
  • dec. egg production, wt. loss
  • depression, anorexia
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8
Q

Major site of HPAI virus replication

A

Nasal cavity

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9
Q

Pathogenesis of HPAI

A

1) Infection via inhalation/ingestion
2) virus replicates in nasal cavity
3) enzymes cleave virus HA
4) virus invades sub-mucosa and damages vascular endothelium
5) virus replicates systemically
6) multiple organ failure and death

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10
Q

CS of HPAI

A
  • sudden death (>90%) 2-12 days after first signs

- head edema, comb/wattle cyanosis, hemorrhage

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11
Q

Post-mortem lesions of HPAI

A
  • sometimes none if death was sudden
  • severe congestion of muscles
  • SC edema of head/neck
  • extensive hemorrhage and/or plugs in trachea
  • multifocal hemorrhages
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12
Q

Is LPAI reportable to OIE?

A

Yes (used not to be)

There is also mandatory pre-slaughter testing in breeding birds, commercial turkeys, broilers, and flocks with respiratory signs

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13
Q

Most costly animal diease in the US ever

A 
avian influenza
($3 billion est. cost for 2014-2015 outbreak, with >48 million turkeys and hen layers destroyed)
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14
Q

Top ddx for AI**

A

Velogenic exotic newcastle disease (clinically indistinguishable)

Others:
Avian infectious laryngotracheitis
Avian infectious bronchitis
Acute bacterial diseases (Fowl cholera, E. Coli infection)

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15
Q

Dx of AI

A
  • virus isolation (ie. in allantoic cavity of embryonated hen’s eggs)
  • all infections are reportable and of zoonotic potential
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16
Q

Vax for AI

A

None licensed in the US!

17
Q

Pathophys. Of duck viral enteritis

A
  • acute infectious and highly contagious dz of ducks, geese, swans
  • caused by Alphaherpesvirus
  • induces vascular damage and hemorrhages
  • can be immunosuppressive –> secondary infections
18
Q

2ary infections common with duck viral enteritis

A
  • Pasteurella
  • Riemerella anapestifer
  • E. Coli (esp. In ducklings)
19
Q

Trans. Of duck viral enteritis

A
  • direct contact with infected wild ducks
  • contaminated env.
  • contaminated water**
20
Q

Incubation period of duck viral enteritis

A

3-7 days

21
Q

CS of duck viral enteritis

A

Outstretched drooped wings, difficulty standing up, ducks die 1-5 days later

-morbidity and mortality persists: dropped egg production, prolapsed phalluses in mature males, inappetence, ataxia, thirst, nasal dc, half-closed eyelids, soiled vents, watery diarrhea

22
Q

Gross path of duck viral enteritis

A
  • evidence of DIC
  • necrotic GIT, lymphoid tissue
  • hemorrhages throughout body (esp. Liver, heart, pancreas, mesentery) with free blood in cavities
  • annular bands of hemorrhage correspond to areas of necrosis and hemorrhage of GALT
23
Q

Dx of duck viral enteritis

A
  • Presumptive based on Hx, lesions

- Definitive dx requires virus isolation with IFA or duck embryo liver cell cultures, or virus ID with PCR

24
Q

Best tissues for virus isolation or ID of duck viral enteritis

A

Liver, spleen, esophagus, small intestines

25
Q

Ddx for duck viral enteritis

A

Duck viral hepatitis
Pasteurellosis
Necrotic/hemorrhagic enteritis

26
Q

Tx of duck viral enteritis

A
  • None
  • avoid contact with wild birds
  • annual vaccine in use for small flocks (not used commercially)
  • no tx approved for wild ducks

Poultry Medicine (Fall 2016) (12 decks)

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