L5: Flies and Myiasis

Question 1

Physical charaacteristic of all Flies (Diptera)

Answer 1

• adults have 1 pair of wings
• halteres (modified hindwings)

Question 2

what type of metamorphosis (complete or incomplete) do flies (Diptera) undergo

Answer 2

Complete (holometabolous)
egg - larva - pupa - adult

Question 3

most flies are oviparous, what does that mean

Answer 3

lay eggs that hatch

Question 4

what are hematophagous species of flies

Answer 4

feed on host blood w/ biting mouth

Question 5

what is myiasis

Answer 5

flies feed on host animal tissue
causes tissue destruction + can lead to secondary infections

Question 6

what group of flies contains myiasis larvae

Answer 6

Cyclorrhapha

Question 7

Clinical importance of biting flies

Answer 7

cause painful/irritating bites, disrupt normal behavhior
* production loss
* severe reactions can lead to alopecia + secondary bacterial infections
* severe blood loss can occur
* pathoegens transmitted

Question 8

clinical importance of non-biting flies

Answer 8

• irritate animals, disrupt normal behavior
• production loss
• irritation/damage to mucous membranes
• transmission of pathogens

Question 9

diagnosis of fly infection

Answer 9

detection of:
* adults on/near host
* eggs on host (botflies)
* larvae on/near host
* larvae in feces or nost

Question 10

3 components of a comprehensive fly control prorgram

Answer 10

• reduce host exposure to adult flies; eliminate egg/larvae on or in host
• control existing environmental infestation
• prevent re-infestation of host and or environment

Question 11

prevention of adult fly prevelance

Answer 11

• insecticides
• oral insect growth regulators
• repellants, fly masks, smudge pots
• shelter animals during peak fly hours

Question 12

treatment and prevention of myiasis

Answer 12

• insecticides
• macrocylic lactones (ivermectin)
• physical removal from host

Question 13

pathogens caused by mosquitoes (culicidae)

Answer 13

• canine heartworm (filarioid nematodes)
• plasmodium (malaria)
• many viruses- west nile, EEE, rift valley fever, etc

Question 14

type of nematocera that feeds on the blood of birds and mammals

Answer 14

blackflies (simuliidae)

Question 15

pathogens caused by blackflies (simuliidae)

Answer 15

• Leucocytozoon
• filariod nematodes
• vesicular stomatitis

Question 16

what flies cause simuliotoxicosis

Answer 16

blackflies (simuliidae)

Question 17

pathogens carried by midges

Answer 17

• Filarioid nematodes
• leucocytozoon & Haemoproteus
  many viruses: bluetongue, african horse sickness, etc

Question 18

What type of Nematocera are Culicoides spp.

Answer 18

midges

Question 19

Lutzomyia (new world) and Phlebotomus (old world) are what type of flies

Answer 19

Sandflies

Question 20

pathogens caused by sandflies

Answer 20

Leishmania
vesicular stomatitis virus

Question 21

Tabanus are ?

Answer 21

horseflies

Question 22

Chrysops are ?

Answer 22

Deerflies

Question 23

pathogen caused by horseflies and deerflies

Answer 23

trypanosoma

Question 24

Haematobia spp

Answer 24

hornflies

Question 25

*Stomoxys spp*

Answer 25

stable flies

Question 26

Dipetera =?

Answer 26

flies

Question 27

Culicidae = ?

Answer 27

mosquitoes

Question 28

Simuliidae = ?

Answer 28

blackflies

Question 29

Tabanidae = ?

Answer 29

hose + deerflies

Question 30

*Tabanus* = ?

Answer 30

horseflies

Question 31

*Chrysops* = ?

Answer 31

deerflies

Question 32

Cyclorrhapha = ?

Answer 32

Biting Flies

Question 33

*Haematobia spp.* = ?

Answer 33

horn flies (Cyclorrhapha)

Question 34

*Stomoxys spp.* = ?

Answer 34

stable flies (Cyclorrhapha)

Question 35

what organism causes equine allergic dermatitis

Answer 35

Midges (Ceratopogonidae) *Culicoides*

Question 36

what are the hosts for the parasite **Leucocytozoon**

Answer 36

* Midges * blackflies (Simuliidae)

Question 37

what carries *Trypanosoma* (a parasitic protozoa) of ungulates and other mammals

Answer 37

Horseflies & Deerflies (Tabanidae) | Brachycera

Question 38

what transmits *Francisella tularensis, Anaplasma marginale, Bacillus anthracis*

Answer 38

Horseflies & Deerflies (Tabanidae) | Brachycera

Question 39

what causes equine infectious anemia virus and WEEV (western equine encephalitis virus)

Answer 39

Horseflies & Deerflies (Tabanidae) | Brachycera

Question 40

what flies live on cattle and feed frequently, causing heavy production loses

Answer 40

Horn flies (*Haematobia)*

Question 41

Horn flies, Stable flies, Keds/louse flies and Tsetse flies are all...

Answer 41

biting flies

Question 42

vectors of *Trypanosoma bruceri* which causes nagana and sleeping sickness

Answer 42

Tsetse flies (Glossinidae)

Question 43

feed on ocular/nasal discharge of cattle and other livestock

Answer 43

Face fly (Musca autumnalis)

Question 44

transmits the pathogens Spirurid nematodes of cattle + equids and *Moraxella bovis* (bovine keratoconjunctivitis)

Answer 44

Facefly (Musca autumnalis)

Question 45

most abundant insect pest associated w/ livestock, poultry and people

Answer 45

House fly *(M. domestica)* feeds on ocular/nasal fluids

Question 46

**Obligate (primary) myiasis** larvae require what for survival

Answer 46

a live host for food

Question 47

**Facultative (secondary) myiasis** larvae usually eat _______ and sometimes infest live animals

Answer 47

carrion (decaying flesh)

Question 48

this family includes facultative and obligate myiasis causing species of flies

Answer 48

Flesh flies (Sarcophagidae)

Question 49

**fly that exhibits obligate myiasis**, found in northern USA and Canada

Answer 49

Gray flesh fly *Wohlfahrita vigil*

Question 50

the New World screwworm (*Cochliomyia hominivorax)* exhibits ______Myiasis

Answer 50

obligate | eradicated from US by early 1990s

Question 51

used in foresnsic science to estimate post-mortem interval, used in maggot therapy

Answer 51

Common green bottle fly *(Lucilia sericata)*

Question 52

* Agents of obligate myiasis, most species are highly host and site specific, typically not highly pathogenic * adults do not feed (vestigial mouthparts)

Answer 52

Botflies (Oestridae)

Question 53

Primarily afflicts sheep and goat, wandering larvae can cause false gid

Answer 53

Sheep nasal botfly *(Oestrus ovis)*

Question 54

causes subcutaneous cysts (warbles) in bovids and cervids (deer)

Answer 54

Heel flies *(Hypoderma)*

Question 55

cause GI myiasis in equine, large numbers can be present w/out clinical signs

Answer 55

Horse botflies *(Gasterophilus)*

Question 56

causes subcutaneous cysts in wild rodents and rabbits int eh Americas

Answer 56

*Cuterebra* Botflies (Oestridae)

Question 57

* causes myiasis of eye,nasal and oral regions of dogs and cats * complications caused by wandering larvae * **cerebrospinal cuterbriasis**

Answer 57

*Cuterebra* Botflies (Oestridae)