Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PARASITOLOGY > L4: Diagnostics > Flashcards

L4: Diagnostics Flashcards

1
Q

what types of parasites fall under the Endoparasite category

A
  • Protozoa (unicellular)
  • Helminths (multicellular worms)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ectoparasites are parasites with….

A

jointed appendages
ticks, mites, lice, fleas, flies/bots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the common types of protozoal parasites

A
  • flagellates
  • amoeba
  • ciliates
  • apicomplexans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 3 categories of helminths

A
  • Trematodes (flukes)
  • cestodes (tapeworms)
  • nematodes (roundworm)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what types of parasites are ectoparasites

A
  • ticks
  • fleas
  • mites
  • lice
  • flies/ots
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 4 main qualitative techniques for diagnosing endoparasites

A
  • Direct smear
  • fecal float
  • fecal sedimentation
  • baermann
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what test should you run if you suspect a protozoal GI infection w/ motile stages

ex: Giardia, Tritrichomonas

A

Direct smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what test should you run if you suspect a nematode infection that produces eggs/cysts

A

fecal float

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what test should you run if you suspect an infection with: treamatodes or acanthocephalans, amoebae, ciliates, giaradia

A

Fecal sedementation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what test should you run if you suspect a motile larvae that would shop up in feces

ex: lung worm or Strongyloides infections

A

Baermann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what can qualitative tests tell you, what can they not

A

qualitiate tests help to determine IF an animal is infested
cannot tell to what degree (severity) they are infected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

direct visualization is useful for detecting…

A

adult endoparasites that can be expelled in feces or vomit

ex: tapeworm, Toxocara canis roundworms, Physaloptera stomach worm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when would you utilize a direct fecal smear

A

when observing the motility of protozoal parasites that have motile stages (giardia, tritrichomonas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the downsides of using direct fecal smear to test for endoparasites

A
  • it is NOT a good tool for detecting most GI parasites
  • risk of false negatives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fecal Float: the floatation solution must have a _________ specific gravity than most common parasite eggs/cysts, this allows the eggs/cysts to FLOAT to the top of the solution

A

HIGHER/HEAVIER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when would you use fecal sedementation over a fecal float

A

to detect eggs/cysts that are too heavy or too delicate to concentrate by fecal flotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is fecal sedementation most useful for

A

Non-nematode eggs: Trematode or Acanthocephalan
Certain Protozoal cysts: Amoeba, Ciliates, Giardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the Baermann Technique most useful for

A

recovering nematode larvae from samples - it relies on their motility

idea is that nematode larvae will wiggle out of the biological material and fall through the water to the area of clamped off tubing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what types of parasites is the Baemann Technique used on

A

some lung worms and
Strognlyoides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what technique should be used for detecting Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

A

Baermann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

these parasites can all be dected using what test method?
* Crenosoma vulparis
* Angiostrongylus vasorum
* Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Baermann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why is the Baermann technique not useful for diagnosing canine: Filaroides hirthi, filaroides osleri, Eucoleus

A

these all have lethargic larvae (non motile)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why is the Baermann technique NOT useful for diagnosing canine Eucoleus aerophilius

A

lung worm that DOESN’T PRODUCE LARVAE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cons of the direct smear method

A
  • not very sensitive
  • do not use as primary diagnositc tool
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the cons of the fecal flotation technique
some eggs/cysts are too heavy to float (in this case just use fecal sedimentation)
26
what are the cons of the fecal sedimentation technique
* not very senstitive for nematode eggs or coccidian oocysts * ex: *Cryptosporidium*
27
what is the main con of the Baermann technique
only useful for isolating **motile larval stages**
28
immunoassays can be used to diagnose for _________ through the detection of ______ in feces
endoparasites, antigens
29
PCRs can be used to diagnose for _____ through the detection of parasite _____
endoparasites, DNA
30
immunoassays are most commonly used for detection of _______ protozoal parasites such as _______ + ________
GI protozoal parasites *Giardia, Cryptosporidium*
31
PCRs are most commonly used for detection of ______ protozoal parasites such as ______ + ________
GI protozoal parasites *Giardia, Cryptosporidium* | same as immunoassays
32
If a PCR test is **quantitative** the test should be specified as _______
"rt" or "q" PCR = reat time, quantitative
33
Eggs of different nematode species can look very familiar, morphologic differences found in ________ stage are required for their exact speciation
L3 larvae
34
trichostrongyles and strongyles are nematodes that commonly infect...
large animals
35
when diagnosing endoparasites in large animals, why are quantitative tests preferred over qualitative?
LAs usually have low levels of egg shedding therefore the question isn't if they are infected, but to what degree (burden) they are infected
36
what is the Cornell-McMaster diltuion technique
quantifies eggs within a diluted fecal sample (1:1) in fecal flotation solution requires use of **specialized microscope chamber slide** provides an **estimate** of eggs per gram of feces
37
what are two parasites in ruminants + horses for which a Dilution egg count test would be appropriate
Trichostrongyles Strongyles
38
what is the purpose of dilution w/ floatation solution in the Cornell-McMaster egg counting technique
* dilution decreases the # of eggs you have to count (this enhances accuracy) * floatation solution allows eggs to float to top of chamber
39
general morphological characteristics of **Ascaridoid eggs (roundworm eggs)**
* light brown to brown * round to oval * thick walls
40
*toxocara canis* is...
canine roundworm
41
*Baylisascaris procyonis* is...
raccoon roundworm - neurotropic parasite: cerebral larval migration
42
general characteristics of Strongyles
* elongated oval shape * thin wall * clear * embryonated
43
general characteristics of **Oxyurid egg (pinworms)**
* colorless shell * small operculum (cap) on one end
44
general characteristics of Trichuroid Egg (whipworms)
* bipolar plugs (Bioperculated) * elongate to barrel shaped * smooth, thick wall
45
what would be the best way to isolate trichuroid (whipworm) eggs
fecal float
46
Capillarids are _______ look alikes..how do you tell them apart
whipworm their bipolar plugs are less prominant, they have a slightly curved appearance and can have pitted/irregular shells
47
what is the distinguishing trait of **trematode eggs**
brown egg w/ an **operculum**
48
what is the best way to isolate **trematode** eggs
fecal sedimentation
49
characteristics of **cestode eggs**
embryonated, 6 hooked oncosphere inside a thick striated shell (embryophore) | outer shells vary greatly
50
characteristics of **protistan** cycsts and oocysts
smaller than most other eggs
51
what are the main techniques for diagnosig blood parasites
* direct blood smears * immmunoassays for Dirofilaria immitis antigen/antibody * microfilaria concentration techniques: modified knott's, millipore filter test
52
what types of parasites do direct blood smears identify
microfilariae, protozoa, rickettsiae (Bacteria)
53
if an animal tests positive for Dirofilaria imminits on an immunoassay, what is the next thing to do
perform a concentration test to VISUALIZE the microfilaria - modified knott's (preferred) - millipore filter test
54
besides Dirofilaria immitis, what is the other filarid found in the blood of dogs in north america
*Acanthochilonema reconditum* narrower and more uniform in width than D.immitis, also has a blunt cephalic end
55
why might you get false negatives when utilizing microfilaria concentration techniques
microfilariae are not present in all heart-worm infested dogs (and very rarely ever found in cats)
56
used to concentrate/filter blood to increase the likelihood microfilaria will be visualized. Typically involve lysing RBCs
microfilaria concentration techniques
57
what are the 4 main techniques to detect **ectoparasites**
* direct visualization/identification * skin scraping * cellophane tape prep * skin histopathy
58
what ectoparasites can be identified by direct visualization
* ticks * lice mite
59
when is skin scraping usually done?
if a mite infestation is suspected ex: *Demodex, Sarcoptes scabiei*
60
when is cellophane prep used
for trapping/catching mites or lice close to the surface * can also be used for *Oxyuris equi* (pinworm) that deposite eggs along the anus
61
what types of eggs are these?
Ascaridoid eggs (Roundworm) - light brown to brown, round / oval and have a thick wall
62
what type of eggs are these?
Stronglyes - elongated / oval - thin wall - clear
63
what type of egg is this?
Oxyurid egg (Pinworms) - colorless shell and small operculum on one end
64
what type of egg is this?
Trichuroid egg (whipworm) - bipolar plugs, elongated barel shape, smooth thick wall
65
what egg type is this
Capillarids (trichuroid)
66
what kind of egg is this?
Trematode eggs - brown egg w/ operculum
67
what kind of eggs are these
Cestode - embryonated, 6 hooked oncosphere present inside a thick, striated shell

PARASITOLOGY (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions