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PARASITOLOGY > L4: Diagnostics > Flashcards

L4: Diagnostics Flashcards

1
Q

what types of parasites fall under the Endoparasite category

A
  • Protozoa (unicellular)
  • Helminths (multicellular worms)
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2
Q

Ectoparasites are parasites with….

A

jointed appendages
ticks, mites, lice, fleas, flies/bots

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3
Q

what are the common types of protozoal parasites

A
  • flagellates
  • amoeba
  • ciliates
  • apicomplexans
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4
Q

what are the 3 categories of helminths

A
  • Trematodes (flukes)
  • cestodes (tapeworms)
  • nematodes (roundworm)
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5
Q

what types of parasites are ectoparasites

A
  • ticks
  • fleas
  • mites
  • lice
  • flies/ots
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6
Q

what are the 4 main qualitative techniques for diagnosing endoparasites

A
  • Direct smear
  • fecal float
  • fecal sedimentation
  • baermann
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7
Q

what test should you run if you suspect a protozoal GI infection w/ motile stages

ex: Giardia, Tritrichomonas

A

Direct smear

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8
Q

what test should you run if you suspect a nematode infection that produces eggs/cysts

A

fecal float

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9
Q

what test should you run if you suspect an infection with: treamatodes or acanthocephalans, amoebae, ciliates, giaradia

A

Fecal sedementation

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10
Q

what test should you run if you suspect a motile larvae that would shop up in feces

ex: lung worm or Strongyloides infections

A

Baermann

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11
Q

what can qualitative tests tell you, what can they not

A

qualitiate tests help to determine IF an animal is infested
cannot tell to what degree (severity) they are infected

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12
Q

direct visualization is useful for detecting…

A

adult endoparasites that can be expelled in feces or vomit

ex: tapeworm, Toxocara canis roundworms, Physaloptera stomach worm

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13
Q

when would you utilize a direct fecal smear

A

when observing the motility of protozoal parasites that have motile stages (giardia, tritrichomonas)

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14
Q

what are the downsides of using direct fecal smear to test for endoparasites

A
  • it is NOT a good tool for detecting most GI parasites
  • risk of false negatives
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15
Q

Fecal Float: the floatation solution must have a _________ specific gravity than most common parasite eggs/cysts, this allows the eggs/cysts to FLOAT to the top of the solution

A

HIGHER/HEAVIER

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16
Q

when would you use fecal sedementation over a fecal float

A

to detect eggs/cysts that are too heavy or too delicate to concentrate by fecal flotation

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17
Q

what is fecal sedementation most useful for

A

Non-nematode eggs: Trematode or Acanthocephalan
Certain Protozoal cysts: Amoeba, Ciliates, Giardia

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18
Q

what is the Baermann Technique most useful for

A

recovering nematode larvae from samples - it relies on their motility

idea is that nematode larvae will wiggle out of the biological material and fall through the water to the area of clamped off tubing

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19
Q

what types of parasites is the Baemann Technique used on

A

some lung worms and
Strognlyoides

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20
Q

what technique should be used for detecting Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

A

Baermann

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21
Q

these parasites can all be dected using what test method?
* Crenosoma vulparis
* Angiostrongylus vasorum
* Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Baermann

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22
Q

why is the Baermann technique not useful for diagnosing canine: Filaroides hirthi, filaroides osleri, Eucoleus

A

these all have lethargic larvae (non motile)

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23
Q

why is the Baermann technique NOT useful for diagnosing canine Eucoleus aerophilius

A

lung worm that DOESN’T PRODUCE LARVAE

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24
Q

cons of the direct smear method

A
  • not very sensitive
  • do not use as primary diagnositc tool
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25
Q

what are the cons of the fecal flotation technique

A

some eggs/cysts are too heavy to float (in this case just use fecal sedimentation)

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26
Q

what are the cons of the fecal sedimentation technique

A
  • not very senstitive for nematode eggs or coccidian oocysts
  • ex: Cryptosporidium
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27
Q

what is the main con of the Baermann technique

A

only useful for isolating motile larval stages

28
Q

immunoassays can be used to diagnose for _________ through the detection of ______ in feces

A

endoparasites, antigens

29
Q

PCRs can be used to diagnose for _____ through the detection of parasite _____

A

endoparasites, DNA

30
Q

immunoassays are most commonly used for detection of _______ protozoal parasites such as _______ + ________

A

GI protozoal parasites
Giardia, Cryptosporidium

31
Q

PCRs are most commonly used for detection of ______ protozoal parasites such as ______ + ________

A

GI protozoal parasites
Giardia, Cryptosporidium

same as immunoassays

32
Q

If a PCR test is quantitative the test should be specified as _______

A

“rt” or “q” PCR = reat time, quantitative

33
Q

Eggs of different nematode species can look very familiar, morphologic differences found in ________ stage are required for their exact speciation

A

L3 larvae

34
Q

trichostrongyles and strongyles are nematodes that commonly infect…

A

large animals

35
Q

when diagnosing endoparasites in large animals, why are quantitative tests preferred over qualitative?

A

LAs usually have low levels of egg shedding therefore the question isn’t if they are infected, but to what degree (burden) they are infected

36
Q

what is the Cornell-McMaster diltuion technique

A

quantifies eggs within a diluted fecal sample (1:1) in fecal flotation solution

requires use of specialized microscope chamber slide

provides an estimate of eggs per gram of feces

37
Q

what are two parasites in ruminants + horses for which a Dilution egg count test would be appropriate

A

Trichostrongyles
Strongyles

38
Q

what is the purpose of dilution w/ floatation solution in the Cornell-McMaster egg counting technique

A
  • dilution decreases the # of eggs you have to count (this enhances accuracy)
  • floatation solution allows eggs to float to top of chamber
39
Q

general morphological characteristics of Ascaridoid eggs (roundworm eggs)

A
  • light brown to brown
  • round to oval
  • thick walls
40
Q

toxocara canis is…

A

canine roundworm

41
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis is…

A

raccoon roundworm
- neurotropic parasite: cerebral larval migration

42
Q

general characteristics of Strongyles

A
  • elongated oval shape
  • thin wall
  • clear
  • embryonated
43
Q

general characteristics of Oxyurid egg (pinworms)

A
  • colorless shell
  • small operculum (cap) on one end
44
Q

general characteristics of Trichuroid Egg (whipworms)

A
  • bipolar plugs (Bioperculated)
  • elongate to barrel shaped
  • smooth, thick wall
45
Q

what would be the best way to isolate trichuroid (whipworm) eggs

A

fecal float

46
Q

Capillarids are _______ look alikes..how do you tell them apart

A

whipworm
their bipolar plugs are less prominant, they have a slightly curved appearance and can have pitted/irregular shells

47
Q

what is the distinguishing trait of trematode eggs

A

brown egg w/ an operculum

48
Q

what is the best way to isolate trematode eggs

A

fecal sedimentation

49
Q

characteristics of cestode eggs

A

embryonated, 6 hooked oncosphere inside a thick striated shell (embryophore)

outer shells vary greatly

50
Q

characteristics of protistan cycsts and oocysts

A

smaller than most other eggs

51
Q

what are the main techniques for diagnosig blood parasites

A
  • direct blood smears
  • immmunoassays for Dirofilaria immitis antigen/antibody
  • microfilaria concentration techniques: modified knott’s, millipore filter test
52
Q

what types of parasites do direct blood smears identify

A

microfilariae, protozoa, rickettsiae (Bacteria)

53
Q

if an animal tests positive for Dirofilaria imminits on an immunoassay, what is the next thing to do

A

perform a concentration test to VISUALIZE the microfilaria
- modified knott’s (preferred)
- millipore filter test

54
Q

besides Dirofilaria immitis, what is the other filarid found in the blood of dogs in north america

A

Acanthochilonema reconditum
narrower and more uniform in width than D.immitis, also has a blunt cephalic end

55
Q

why might you get false negatives when utilizing microfilaria concentration techniques

A

microfilariae are not present in all heart-worm infested dogs (and very rarely ever found in cats)

56
Q

used to concentrate/filter blood to increase the likelihood microfilaria will be visualized. Typically involve lysing RBCs

A

microfilaria concentration techniques

57
Q

what are the 4 main techniques to detect ectoparasites

A
  • direct visualization/identification
  • skin scraping
  • cellophane tape prep
  • skin histopathy
58
Q

what ectoparasites can be identified by direct visualization

A
  • ticks
  • lice mite
59
Q

when is skin scraping usually done?

A

if a mite infestation is suspected
ex: Demodex, Sarcoptes scabiei

60
Q

when is cellophane prep used

A

for trapping/catching mites or lice close to the surface
* can also be used for Oxyuris equi (pinworm) that deposite eggs along the anus

61
Q

what types of eggs are these?

A

Ascaridoid eggs
(Roundworm)
- light brown to brown, round / oval and have a thick wall

62
Q

what type of eggs are these?

A

Stronglyes
- elongated / oval
- thin wall
- clear

63
Q

what type of egg is this?

A

Oxyurid egg
(Pinworms)
- colorless shell and small operculum on one end

64
Q

what type of egg is this?

A

Trichuroid egg
(whipworm)
- bipolar plugs, elongated barel shape, smooth thick wall

65
Q

what egg type is this

A

Capillarids (trichuroid)

66
Q

what kind of egg is this?

A

Trematode eggs
- brown egg w/ operculum

67
Q

what kind of eggs are these

A

Cestode
- embryonated, 6 hooked oncosphere present inside a thick, striated shell

PARASITOLOGY (14 decks)

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