L5 - Expressing and Understanding Emotion Flashcards
1
Q
What is the developmentalist view of emotion? (SEND P)
A
- Neural responses
- Physiological factors e.g heart rate
- Subjective feelings
- Emotional expressions
- Desire to take action e.g escape
2
Q
What are the 6 basic emotions?
A
- Fear
- Sadness
- Happiness
- Anger
- Surprise
- Disgust
- Using computational means to see what probability someone is showing a particular emotion, can also do this manually
3
Q
How do you detect positive emotions in infants?
A
- Smiling = first clear sign of happiness that infants express
- 3-8 weeks = smiling to external stimuli e.g voice, touch, meant to be motivating for parents - adaptive
- 6-10 weeks = social smiles i.e. directed towards people
- 3-4 mo = infants laugh & smile
- After 2 yo, children can clown around are happy to make others laugh
4
Q
Study on preference for humans:
A
- 3-6mo infants
- Spent 5 mins interact with their mother, a stranger or a puppet (object)
- Split into 3 90 sec: active, static, active
- Active period: no touching but talk to child for the first 90 secs, static condition = standing still no talking
5
Q
Results of study for preference for humans:
A
- More smiling to mother (upto 20%) than the puppet in the active condition
- In the static condition, babies stop smiling both to mother and puppet
- Response to stranger was no different with the way they interacted with the mother
6
Q
Implications of study for preference for humans:
A
- Preference for humans over human-like objects
- Smiling when human is engaging with infant, not when static - socially responsive
- Similar smiling to parent and stranger
- 7 mo = infants smile at familiar people rather than general people
7
Q
How to detect negative emotions in infants?
A
- Hard to distinguish different types of negative emotions
- By second year, differentiating between negative emotions is no longer difficult
- First to be observed is generalised distressed
8
Q
Describe fear: (stages in infants)
A
- 4mo = Wary of unfamiliar objects/events
- 6-7mo = first signs of fear e.g loud noises, new toys, sudden movements, strangers
- 2yo = fear of strangers ends but depends on infant’s temperament and context e.g if parent present = may not be scared of strangers
9
Q
What is a longitudinal study of fear development?
A
- Infant met a stranger at 4, 8, 12 and 16 months
- Stranger made a graded approach; ended up holding infant e.g im going to hold you and then take a step closer and closer and wait
- Positive because controlled, but negative not naturalistic
- Steep change from 4-8mo
10
Q
What is the discrete emotions theory?
A
- Neurological and biological systems evolve to allow humans to experience and express a basic set of emotions through adaptations
- Cultures vary in how they label these expressions but vocalisations of basic emotions are recognisable across cultural groups
11
Q
What is the functionalist perspective?
A
- Individuals experience emotions in order to manage the relationship between themselves and the env = goal-driven
- Is why infants fake emotions e.g fake crying to get something to stop
12
Q
Describe separation anxiety?
A
- Starts at 8mo
- Fear following or expectation of separation from their primary caregiver
- 15 mo = starts to decline = but observed across cultures (childcare differences)
13
Q
Describe Anger
A
- Mixed with sadness in infancy: don’t know if they are sad/angry
- 12 mo = clear expressions of anger because they know
- Peak expression of anger = 18-24 mo
- Declines after relates to increased communication skills and increased emotional regulation
14
Q
Longitudinal study of anger:
A
- Mother held arms of child while toys in reach
- Moderate anger at 4 mo and steady increase in intensity
- A lot more variance in expression of anger than fear (are they better at showing fear)
15
Q
What are the self-conscious emotions?
A
- Embarrassment, pride, guilt, shame
- Emerge later during 2nd year of life
- Depends on critical changes in cognitive development
16
Q
Why do self-conscious emotions develop?
A
- Sense of self
- External standards of behaviour e.g need to know what’s right or wrong externally
17
Q
When do infants experience Surprise and what was a study on this?
A
- Surprise is brief and is mixed with another emotion
- Extent to which infants express surprise to novel events is influenced by emotional env provided by parents
- e.g Infants whose mothers had depressive symptoms had less surprise with a Jack-In-The-Box toy
18
Q
How do infants experience disgust?
A
- Sticking tongue out as it helps humans avoid poisons/bacteria
- Children learn from adult behaviour what they react to disgust e.g particular foods like insects
19
Q
Describe Guilt and Shame
A
- Guilt is thinking you have done wrong and feeling remorseful about behaviour and associated with empathy and the desire to undo consequence
- Shame is thinking you have done wrong and feeling exposed/conscious about it, focus is on the self and who you are
- Desire to withdraw from social interaction
20
Q
What is the broken doll study?
A
- 2 yo children left alone in the room with a doll who’s leg falls off
- Those experiencing guilt: repair leg and tell exp straight away
- Those experiencing shame: Avoid contact with exp and delay telling them
- Guilt is more adaptive as it stops self feeling negative
21
Q
What are the influences of parenting strategy?
A
- Guilt if emphasise and discuss badness of behaviour
- Shame is emphasise badness of child
22
Q
What is influence of culture? (Example)
A
Greater shame experienced by japanese than american and korean children
23
Q
What is the study of discrimination of children? (Of emotions)
A
- 4-6mo kids discriminate facial displays of happiness, anger, fear and surprise in habituation experiments
- Child was habituated to expression showing emotion
- Then exposed to either same expression on new person or different expression
- Look more to a different emotion rather than the same one
- However the ability to discriminate emotions is not the same as understanding them
24
Q
What is social referencing?
A
- Use facial expression & voice of parent to decide how to react to a novel situation
- Understanding someone else’s emotional reaction acts as a guide your own behaviour
- If child behaviour is appropriate = correctly understand the emotional expression
e.g wine bottle dropped = distressed, infant knows social message related to a specific object, and the emotier determines the event/object as the referent AND referential cues to determine what the cue
25
What was the visual cliff study?
- Tested 12 mo old infants
- Infants significantly more likely to cross when referencing positive emotional signals
26
Disadvantages of referential understanding?
- Assume that infants are reading the referential signals of the parent to identify the target of the reference
- But infants could be linking the emotional message with an object just because they co-occur
27
What was the Moses et al study? (Social Referencing)
- 12-18mo children were shown a toy
- Social referencing condition: exp said either Nice or Ew whilst looking at the toy, when child fixated on toy, exp said Wow or Yuck still looking at toy
- Control condition: exp was no visible said Nice/Ew, when child fixated on toy, exp said wow/yuck
28
Results of Moses:
- Children got closer to toy when exp made positive noises
- Children stayed further from the toy when exp made neg noises
- Control: noises did not make a difference to how close children got to the toy
29
What was a study looking at children understanding emotion?
- Children were shown an object and video of a facial expression at the same time
- Specific toys expressing the basic emotions were shown
- Children were presented with emotion-paired toy and neutral toy and checked which the child reached for
- 12-14mo = reached for toys at same rate
- 16-18mo = strongly preferred toys associated with positive emotions and avoided toys with association of anger/fear
30
What are display rules?
- Social/cultural group's informal norms about when/where and how much one should show emotion
- Children may express an emotion not matched with their felt emotion e.g birthday when getting a bad gift but saying thank you
31
What was a study looking at display rules?
- Encouraged children of 4,6,8 yo to fake emotions to win a prize
- Children were shown 3 boxes with lids: attractive/unattractive/no gift
- Kids had to trick the experimenter by convincing them that they one box they had was the unattractive toy
- 4yo struggled to hide disappointment and fake happiness but 8yo managed to (linked to cognitive capacities)
