L5: Epidemiological transition Flashcards
What is ET?
Long term shift in mortality + disease patterns whereby pandemics of infection and neonatal disease are replaced by degenerative and man-made diseases.
Describe ET in Canada
From 1930-50 heart disease rate doubled.
Cancer was the second cause of death. Infectious diseases: influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia, TB decreased from 1930-60
What factors lead to ET?
Better lifestyle, living conditions and standards, more research
Describe ET effect in UK
Heart disease epidemic. Men of working age were dying which has economic and social impact.
Describe CVD rate in UK
Declining from 1950 to 2010 from 50-33%
Explain disparity between Mediterranean and rest of Europe for CHD mortality
Better diet, better genes and environment = less mortality
Describe difference between male and female CHD mortality
approx. double in males
Describe relationship between US and UK CVD deaths
Decline in deaths, US precedes CVD decline
When did smoking epidemics occur
Males: 1950-60
Females: 1970s
What are the effects of smoking
10 year loss in longevity
How is epidemiological transition set to change in future?
Low income countries will have higher BP and other risk factors for man-made disease. Degenerative disease will put considerable burden on LICs.
What are the downward trends in serum cholesterol from 1980-2008 due to?
Statins and lifestyle change
What do low cancer mortality prevalence ratios tell you?
Standard and quality of health care is high
Compare cancer mortality prevalence ratios
UK, America, Europe have low cancer mortality prevalence ratios
Asia has a high mortality prevalence ratio (more people work with coal)
Africa has a very high mortality prevalence ratio
Describe breast cancer trends
Incidence high across all income categories, but mortality higher in low income countries
Describe liver cancer trends
Present in middle/low income groups
Describe cervical cancer trends
High mortality in low income countries
What is the most frequent cause of premature cancer death in men?
Lung cancer
What are the most frequent causes of death by cancer in women?
Poor countries: cervical
UK, N. America: Lung
Other parts of world: breast
Describe lung cancer trends
High income associated with smoking increases lung cancer trends
Explain lower mortality in stomach cancer patients
H. pylori research, changes to treatment, refrigeration of food
State preventable cancer risk factors
Low fruit + veg, alcohol, overweight, low physical activity, unsafe sex, iatrogenic needle, smoking (TOBACCO)
State infection leading to liver cancer
Hep B, C
State infection leading to cervical cancer
HPV
State infection leading to Hodgkin cancer
EBV
State infection leading to Kaposi’s sarcoma
HIV
State the big four cancer types
Lung, large bowl, prostate, breast
