L15 - public health and promotion

Question 1

What are the 3 domains of public health?

Answer 1

Health promotion/improvement, health protection, health services and care

Question 2

What are quality of life indices?

Answer 2

Life expectancy at birth

Question 3

What are causes behind risk factors?

Answer 3

Socio-economic status, gender, age, employment, education, deprivation, income, geography (north/south divide), sexual behaviour, politics, wars, movements, drugs

Question 4

Define health promotion

Answer 4

The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health (Ottawa charter 1986)

Question 5

What does health promotion involve?

Answer 5

knowledge transfer - campaigns; clinical interventions - screening/immunisation; health public policy - legal, fiscal and societal measures, infrastructure, politics; community development - groups set their own agenda and liase with organisations to create sustainable action

Question 6

Describe difference in gender gonorrhoea diagnoses in England and wales

Answer 6

Double the number of diagnoses in males than females from 1925-2010

Question 7

What are the upstream and downstream determinants for health?

Answer 7

upstream: life conditions
downstream: risk factors

Question 8

What is the Tannahill model?

Answer 8

Health promotion model. Venn diagram showing overlap between prevention (medical intervention to reduce risk), protection (legislative, fiscal and social) and education (influencing knowledge and attitudes).

Question 9

What are the levels of prevention set by WHO?

Answer 9

Primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary

Question 10

Define primordial prevention

Answer 10

prevention of unhealthy lifestyle behaviours from birth

Question 11

Define primary prevention

Answer 11

health promotion, specific protection, screening, immunisation, vitamins

Question 12

Define secondary prevention

Answer 12

clinical diagnoses and treatment

Question 13

Define tertiary prevention

Answer 13

disability rehab, intensive care

Question 14

What are the approaches to disease prevention?

Answer 14

High risk and Population

Question 15

What are the strengths of a high risk approach?

Answer 15

Efficient, effective, appropriate, easy to evaluate, high patient and clinician motivation

Question 16

What are the strengths of a population approach?

Answer 16

equitable, radical, large potential, behaviourally appropriate

Question 17

What are the weaknesses of a high risk approach?

Answer 17

May be palliative and temporary, risk prediction may not be accurate, may be limited, high cost of screening, difficult ot identify screening borderlines, hard to change individual behaviours

Question 18

What are the weaknesses of a population approach?

Answer 18

small advantage to individual, poor motivation of patient and clinician, low benefit/risk ratio

Question 19

Order the interventions from high to low cost and individual effort

Answer 19

Counselling and education, clinical intervention, protective intervention, changing individual mindset, socioeconomic factors

Question 20

What did the Wanless 1,2,3 report identify?

Answer 20

Health priorities: smoking, alcohol, obesity, sexual health, teenage pregnancy, mental health

Question 21

What did the Marmot review set out?

Answer 21

6 key policy objectives addressing the determinants of health in response to the WHO publication in 2008 ‘closing the gap of the generation’
Related to life-course

Question 22

What does the PHOF do?

Answer 22

sets out a vision for public health outcomes and indicators that will help to understand how public health is improving and being protected

Question 23

How many admissions are caused by smoking?

Answer 23

Males: 6%
Females: 3%

Question 24

What were the subjects addressed to promote smoking cessation in the UK?

Answer 24

Policy, legislation, taxation, media, school, workplace, support 1-2-1, smoking cessation clinics, group sessions

Question 25

How does CQUIN work?

Answer 25

Incentivises hospitals to make some intervention to reduce alcohol and smoking by offering cash reward

Question 26

How does NAS work?

Answer 26

Ends cheap alcohol sales and restricts marketing

Question 27

What are the key public health programmes

Answer 27

Smoking cessation, alcohol harm reduction, sexual health chlamydia, teenage pregnancy, obesity, immunisation