L16 - NTDs Flashcards
List bacterial NTDs
Buruli ulcer, leprosy, trachoma
List protozoan NTDs
Sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, Leishmaniasis
List helminth NTDs
Ascariasis, hookworm, trichuriasis, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filiariasis, onchocerciasis, dracunculiasis, podonconiosis
Where are most NTDs most prevalent?
SSA
What are 4 most prevalent NTDs in SSA?
Schistosomiasis 200 million, hookworm 198 million, ascariasis 173 million, trichuriasis 162 million
Describe schistosomiasis life cycle
Worms in blood vessels lay eggs. Eggs enter fresh water through faeces/urine. Eggs enter water snails. Larvae are produced. These penetrate human skin when bathing. Enters blood and travels to liver.
Describe signs of SCI
blood in urine, fibrosis of bladder and liver, swollen stomach, premature death
What is the treatment of SCI and who donates it?
Praziquantel donated by MERCK
What are the soil transmitted helminths?
Ascariasis, hookworm, trichuriasis
What is the treatment for ascariasis, hookworm and trichuriasis?
Abendazole and mebendazole (Johnson and Johnson)
Describe lymphatic filiariasis life cycle
Microfiliariae found in blood around midnight, block lymph vessels. Transmission through mosquito vector (culex in asia and anopheles in Africa).
What is the second most disabling disease?
Lymphatic filiariasis
How many people are affected by LF?
120 million and 83 million disabled by it.
What are some clinical features of LF?
Hydrocoele, oedema
What is the treatment for LF?
Annual treatment for 6 years of albendazole + mectizan in Africa and albendazole + DEC in Asia
When is target of LF elimination?
2020
Describe life cycle of Onchocerciasis
female worms produce microfiliariae, MF are ingested by fly, fly bites humans, adult worm produced
List features of onchocerciasis
River blindness if larvae cross retina, itching
What is the treatment of onchocerciasis?
Mectizan (prevents larvae production) donated by MERCK and CO
Describe cause and transmission of trachoma
Caused by chlamydia, carried by flies
Describe features of trachoma
blindness, conjunctivitis (early stage), less than 3.5 million people are affected
What is the treatment if trachoma?
Zithromax taken annually for 3 years and donated by pfizer
What is drancunculiasis also called?
Guinea worm
What are features of dracunculiasis?
You can pull it out, its spread by pond water, almost eradicated (only 17 cases this year thanks to J. Carter)
Who donates multi-drug therapy for leprosy?
Novartis
Who donates albendazole for LF elimination?
GSK
Who donates DEC for LF in Asia?
Eisai
What is the threshold for SCI treatment?
3/10 children infected
Name other organisations helping NTD effort
CIFF, BMGF, EF, givewell, the world bank
What are the two types of leishmaniasis?
Dermal, visceral
How is leishmaniasis transmitted?
Sand fly
What are the 2 types of sleeping sickness
chronic or acute killer
How many people are unsusceptible to leprosy?
19/20
How many countries report dengue cases?
125
