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CYTOGENETICS > (L5) Bacterial Genetics > Flashcards

(L5) Bacterial Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

It is the study of how genetic information is transferred,
either from a particular bacterium to its offspring or
between interbreeding lines of bacteria and how that
genetic information is expressed.

A

BACTERIAL GENETICS

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2
Q

It is the study of the mechanisms of heritable information
in bacteria, their chromosome, plasmids, transposons,
and phages.

A

BACTERIAL GENETICS

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3
Q

Who studied the Differences of morphology and other properties of bacteria were attributed

A

Nageli (1877)

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4
Q

Studied the Transformation of bacteria observed

A

Frederick Griffith (1882)

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5
Q

Examined at the molecular level by ____________
and his colleagues, who used the process to demonstrate
that DNA was the genetic material of bacteria

A

Oswald Avery (1944)

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6
Q

Bacterial conjugation discovered by ______________________ was noted

A

Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum (1946)

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7
Q

ARRANGE IN ORDER:

  • Transformation of bacteria observed by
    Frederick Griffith
  • Bacterial conjugation discovered by Joshua
    Lederberg and Edward Tatum was noted
  • Examined at the molecular level by Oswald Avery and his colleagues, who used the process to demonstrate that DNA was the genetic material of bacteria
  • Differences of morphology and other properties of bacteria were attributed by Nageli
A
  • Differences of morphology and other properties of
    bacteria were attributed by Nageli
  • Transformation of bacteria observed by
    Frederick Griffith
  • Examined at the molecular level by Oswald Avery
    and his colleagues, who used the process to demonstrate
    that DNA was the genetic material of bacteria
  • Bacterial conjugation discovered by Joshua
    Lederberg and Edward Tatum was noted
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8
Q

Small supplemental circular DNA
molecules of a few hundred or
thousand base pairs in
circumference.

A

PLASMIDS

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9
Q

Naturally occurring plasmids

are viruses of _________

A

bacteria

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10
Q

Are the small circular, double stranded, DNA molecules
within a cell, physically separated from chromosomal
DNA that can replicate independently. Which are distinct
from chromosomal DNAs

A

PLASMIDS

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11
Q

Plasmids are the small circular, double stranded, DNA molecules within a cell, physically separated from ___________ that can replicate independently. Which are distinct from chromosomal DNAs

A

chromosomal DNA

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12
Q

2 FUNCTIONS OF PLASMIDS:

A
  1. Help bacteria to survive stress

2. Make themselves indispensable

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13
Q

PLASMIDS HELP BACTERIA TO SURVIVE STRESS:

• Naturally exist in _________, and they also occur in
some eukaryotes.

• Often the genes carried in Plasmids provide bacteria with genetic advantages such as __________

A

Bacterial cell ; Antibiotic resistance

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14
Q

PLAMIDS MAKE THEMSELVES INDISPENSABLE:

Bacteria can also transfer plasmids to one another
through a process called _________

A

conjugation

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15
Q

Ways to classify Plasmids from general to specific:

A
  1. Conjugative
  2. Non-Conjugative
  3. Incompatibility
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16
Q

Bacteria reproduce by sexual conjugation

A

Conjugative Plasmids

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17
Q

transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another, either through direct contact or a bridge between the two cells.

A

Conjugative Plasmids

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18
Q

Some plasmids contain genes called _________

that facilitate the beginning of conjugation

A

transfer genes

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19
Q

Cannot start the conjugation process, and they can only be transferred through sexual conjugation with the help of
__________

A

Non-conjugative; conjugative plasmids

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20
Q

In a bacterium, different plasmids can only co- occur if they are compatible with each other. An ____________ will be expelled from the bacterial cell.

A

incompatible plasmid

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21
Q

Plasmids are incompatible if they have the (SAME or NOT SAME) reproduction strategy in the cell. This allows the
plasmids to inhabit a certain territory within it without
other plasmids interfering.

A

SAME

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22
Q

Contain transfer genes that allow genes to be transferred from one bacteria to another through conjugation. These make up the broad category of conjugative plasmids.

A

Fertility F-Plasmids

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23
Q

5 MAIN CLASSES OF PLASMIDS

A
  1. Fertility F-Plasmids
  2. Resistance Plasmids
  3. Virulence Plasmids
  4. Col Plasmids
  5. Degradative Plasmids
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24
Q

Contain genes that help a bacterial cell defend against

environmental factors such as poisons or antibiotics.

A

Resistance Plasmids

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25
Q

Plasmid that turns that bacterium into a pathogen,

A

Virulence Plasmids

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25
Q

Plasmid that turns that bacterium into a pathogen,

A

Virulence Plasmids

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26
Q

Contain genesis that make bacteriocins, which are proteins that kill other bacteria and thus defend the host bacterium.

A

Col Plasmids

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27
Q

Col Plasmids are also known as

A

Colicins

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28
Q

Help the host bacterium to digest compounds that are not

commonly found in nature. These plasmids contain genes for special enzymes that break down specific compounds.

A

Degradative Plasmids

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29
Q

The DNA of most bacteria is contained in a single circular

molecule, called the

A

bacterial chromosome.

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30
Q

The chromosome, along with several proteins and RNA
molecules, forms an irregularly shaped structure called
the _________. This sits in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell.

A

nucleoid

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31
Q

Analogy

BACTERIAL CHROMO:

PLASMIDS: It is circular.

A

BACTERIAL CHROMO: Linear because of Linear DNA

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32
Q

Analogy

BACTERIAL CHROMO: Essential to cell function
being the genetic information carrier have several thousand genes

PLASMIDS:

A

PLASMIDS: Not essential but provide survival to host bacteria

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33
Q

Analogy

BACTERIAL CHROMO:

PLASMIDS: Smaller in size

A

BACTERIAL CHROMO: Larger in size

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34
Q

Analogy

BACTERIAL CHROMO: Have a centromere and two
sister chromatids

PLASMIDS:

A

PLASMIDS: Have no centromere and sister chromatids

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35
Q

Analogy

BACTERIAL CHROMO: Are not used as gene carriers

PLASMIDS:

A

PLASMIDS: used as gene carriers for alien cell

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36
Q

Analogy

BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME:

PLASMIDS: small number of genes

A

BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME: larger number of genes

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37
Q

PROKARYOTE OR EUKARYOTE:

Contains membrane bound nucleus

A

Eukaryote

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38
Q

PROKARYOTE OR EUKARYOTE:

Does not have nucleus

A

Prokaryote

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39
Q

PROKARYOTE OR EUKARYOTE:

DNA is sequestered inside the nucleus

A

Eukaryote

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40
Q

PROKARYOTE OR EUKARYOTE:

Does not have other membrane-bound organelles

A

Prokaryote

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41
Q

PROKARYOTE OR EUKARYOTE:

Present as a DNA-protein complex called nucleoid

A

Prokaryote

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42
Q

PROKARYOTE OR EUKARYOTE:

Have plasmid DNA

A

Prokaryote

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43
Q

PROKARYOTE OR EUKARYOTE:

Replication occurs in cytoplasm

A

Prokaryote

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44
Q

PROKARYOTE OR EUKARYOTE:

Genes (both introns and exons)

A

Eukaryote

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45
Q

INTRON or EXON:

Non-coding regions of an RNA transcript or the DNA
encoding it are eliminated by splicing before translation.

A

INTRON

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46
Q

INTRON or EXON:

Can be separated by intervening sections of DNA that do
not code for protein known as introns

A

EXON

47
Q

INTRON or EXON:

Coding sections of an RNA transcript or the DNA
encoding it that are translated soon into a protein.

A

EXON

48
Q

INTRON or EXON:

It is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is
removed by RNA splicing during maturation of the final
RNA product.

A

INTRON

49
Q

INTRON or EXON:

Found in the intragenic region, thus the name

A

INTRON

50
Q

Is all genetic instructions (genes) for development of:
○ Cellular structures
○ Metabolic functions
○ Regulation

A

Genome

51
Q

THE BASIC UNIT OF HEREDITY

A

GENES

52
Q 
GENES: “BASIC UNIT OF HEREDITY”
● It makes up the body’s blueprint
● We have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ genes in our body
● It is made from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
● It is organized in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

35,000; DNA strands; structures

53
Q

BINARY FISSION STEPS

A
  1. Parent cell
  2. DNA replicates
  3. Two daughter cells
  4. Cytoplasm divides
54
Q

BINARY FISSION:

the cell elongates with a
septum forming at the middle. The two (2)
chromosomes are also separated in this phase.

A

Cytoplasm Divides

55
Q

BINARY FISSION:

bacteria uncoils and replicates its chromosome, essentially doubling its content

A

Parent cell

56
Q

BINARY FISSION:

a new cell wall is formed at
this phase and the cell splits at the center, dividing
the parent cell into two (2) new daughter cells.

A

Two daughter Cells

57
Q

BINARY FISSION:

bacterium starts to grow larger in preparation for binary fission.

A

DNA Replicates

58
Q

VARIATIONS OF BACTERIA

A
  1. Spontaneous mutation
  2. Transformation
  3. Transduction (Plasmids and DNA fragments)
  4. Conjugation
  5. Transposons
59
Q

Bacteria have circular chromosomes that lacks

histone protein on the DNA

A

Circular Chromosome

60
Q

Bacteria have different kinds of gene transfer

systems.

A

Bacterial Gene Transfer Systems

61
Q

● Stray pieces of DNA from their environment and make it part of their genome.

● Basically, transformation is where a bacterium takes a piece of DNA floating in its environment and then they make it apart of their own genome

A

Transformation

62
Q

● Bacterial genes can accidentally get included in
bacteriophage viral DNA

● This is where DNA is accidentally moved from 1
Bacterium to another by a virus.

A

Transduction

63
Q

● Strains exchange genes through a cytoplasmic bridge
called _____

●_______ is where DNA is transferred between
bacteria through a tube between cells

A

Conjugation; pillus

64
Q

MAIN PURPOSE OF TRANSFORMATION:

A

Repair DNA damage

65
Q

WHY IS KNOWING TRANSFORMATION IMPORTANT?

Imagine a harmless bacterium takes up DNA from a toxin
gene, from a pathogenic or diseased causing species of
bacterium. If the receiving cell incorporates the new DNA in its own chromosome, which can happen by a process called __________, then it too may become pathogenic or disease-causing spreading the bacteria in a human’s body.

A

homologous recombination

66
Q

Is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a

cell by a virus or viral vector

A

Transduction

67
Q

TRANSDUCTION STEPS:

A
  1. Bacteriophage injects DNA
  2. Phage enzyme breaks down host DNA
    3 & 4. Cell creates phage and host DNA
    5 & 6. Transducing phage injects donor DNA to recipient cell
  3. Transduced bacterium contains donor DNA due to recombination
68
Q

there is the transfer of portion of DNA from one bacterium to another by bacteriophages

A

Transduction

69
Q

Again, viruses that infect bacteria in transduction, move
short pieces of chromosomal DNA from one bacterium to
another by _______

A

accident

70
Q

These viruses that infect bacteria are called ________.

__________ are the pirates of the biological world, they commandeer a cell’s resources and use them to make more bacteriophages.

A

Bacteriophages

71
Q

It is commonly used as vectors in recombinant DNA

technology.

A

Bacteriophage

72
Q

STEPS OF BACTERIOPHAGE ATTACHMENT:

A
  1. Landing
  2. Pinning
  3. Tail Contraction and Penetration
  4. DNA injection
73
Q

______ take over the machinery of the cell to make
phage components. They then destroy, or lyse, the cell,
releasing new phage particles.

A

Lytic phages (virulent)

74
Q

________ incorporate their nucleic acid into the
chromosome of the host cell and replicate with it as a unit
without destroying the cell. Under certain conditions
lysogenic phages can be induced to follow a lytic cycle.

A

Lysogenic phages

75
Q

In chronic infection new phage particles are
produced continuously over long periods of time
but without apparent cell killing.

A

Lysogenic phage (temperate)

76
Q

2 TYPES OF TRANSDUCTION

A

Specialized Transduction and Generalized Transduction

77
Q 
Is it mediated by lytic 
phages (or virulent phage, a 
phage which causes lysis of 
host cell death), where the 
DNA segment can be 
transferred by the virus and 
do not incorporate the 
segment to the bacterial 
chromosome.
A

GENERALIZED TRANSDUCTION

78
Q 
Is mediated by lysogenic 
phages (temperate phage, 
your temperate phage 
allows phage conversion.; 
wherein specific viral DNA 
fragments are integrated 
into the host bacterial 
chromosome.
A

Specialized Transduction

79
Q

Used to insert new genes into bacteria engineered

plasmid used

A

Biotechnology

79
Q

Used to insert new genes into bacteria engineered

plasmid used

A

Biotechnology

80
Q

This is an engineered plasmid used in biotech

A

pUC18

81
Q

pUC18 has been genetically engineered to include:

A
  1. gene for antibiotic resistance to Ampicillin (ampR)

2. gene and its promoter for the enzyme beta-galactosidase (lacZ)

82
Q

________ is the process by which one bacterium
transfers genetic material to another through direct
contact. During _________, one bacterium serves as
the donor of the genetic material and the other serves
as the recipient. The donor bacterium carries a DNA
sequence called the __________.

A

conjugation; Fertility F-Factor

83
Q

Example for Conjugation:

Cytoplasmic bridge allows transfer of DNA

A

Eschirichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis

84
Q

Donor cells typically act as donors because they have a a chunk of DNA called your ________

A

Fertility F-Factor

85
Q

If the F factor is transferred during conjugation, the
receiving cell turns into an _______ that can make its
own pilus and transfer DNA to other cells.

A

F-plus Donor

86
Q
  • A _________ is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone, thus degrading the DNA.
  • The ______ are one type of nuclease which is a generic term for an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing phosphodiester bonds that link nucleotides.
A

Dnase

87
Q

mediated by the expression of plasmid genes

A

E. coli conjugation

88
Q

mediated by genes on the bacterial chromosome

A

Mycobacterial conjugation

89
Q
  • A piece of DNA that moves from one location in genome to another (as seen in the diagram)
  • ________ is a class of genetic elements that can jump to different locations within a genome.
A

Transposons (Jumping Genes)

90
Q

The chunks of DNA “jump” from one place to another within a genome, cutting and pasting themselves or inserting copies of themselves in new spots.

A

Transposable Elements

91
Q

a bacterium takes up a piece of DNA

floating in its environment.

A

Transformation

92
Q

DNA is accidentally moved from one

bacterium to another by a virus

A

Transduction

93
Q

DNA Is transferred between bacteria

through a tube between cells.

A

Conjugation

94
Q

GENE REGULATION:

Which encode regulatory genes,
are often at the five-prime (5’) end to the start site of
transcription of the gene they regulate

A

Regulatory Sequence

95
Q

GENE REGULATION:

Is a sequence of DNA needed to turn a gene
on or off

A

Promoter

96
Q

GENE REGULATION:

Are clusters of genes that share the same
promoter and are transcribed as a single large mRNA that contains multiple structural genes or cistrons

A

Operons

97
Q

GENE REGULATION:

Substances that act on an operon to inhibit
messenger RNA synthesis

A

Repressor

98
Q

GENE REGULATION:

Gene involved in controlling the
expression of one or more other genes.

A

Regulatory Gene

99
Q

POSITIVE CONTROL or NEGATIVE CONTROL:

Protein known as an
activator binds to the DNA
in order for transcription to
take place

A

POSITIVE CONTROL

100
Q

POSITIVE CONTROL or NEGATIVE CONTROL:

Protein known as a
repressor binds with the
DNA and blocks
transcription

A

NEGATIVE CONTROL

101
Q

POSITIVE CONTROL or NEGATIVE CONTROL:

Transcription under
negative control

A

NEGATIVE CONTROL

102
Q

POSITIVE CONTROL or NEGATIVE CONTROL:

Transcription is under
positive control

A

POSITIVE CONTROL

103
Q

POSITIVE CONTROL or NEGATIVE CONTROL:

Example is Lactose operon which deals with lactose

A

POSITIVE CONTROL

104
Q

POSITIVE CONTROL or NEGATIVE CONTROL:

Example is Tryp operon that deals with tryptophan

A

NEGATIVE CONTROL

105
Q

● Raw material of evolution
● Deals with changes in base sequences of DNA
● As well as changes in DNA that affect the genetic
information
● No variation, no evolution
● DNA polymerase

A

Mutation

106
Q

TYPES OF MUTATION

A
  1. Substitution
  2. Insertion
  3. Deletion
  4. Inversion
107
Q

○ Occurs when specific bases (A, T, C, or G) in a gene

are swapped for different ones

A

Substitution

108
Q

is the addition of one or more nucleotide

base pairs into a DNA sequence

A

Insertion

109
Q

Involving the loss of genetic materia

A

Deletion

110
Q

This where a chromosome rearrangement in which a
segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end (it
is inverted)

A

Inversion

111
Q

Example of Inversion

A

Opitz - Kaveggia syndrome

112
Q

Example of Substitution

A

Sickle-Cell anemia

113
Q

Example of Insertion

A

One form of beta-thalassemia

114
Q

Example of Deletion

A

Cystic Fibrosis

CYTOGENETICS (6 decks)

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