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CYTOGENETICS > (L3) DNA Replication, Transcription, & Translation > Flashcards

(L3) DNA Replication, Transcription, & Translation Flashcards

1
Q

The genetic material is stored in the form of ______

A

DNA

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2
Q

Human genome consists of 3 x 10^9 base pairs of DNA distributed over ____ pairs of chromosomes.

A

23

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3
Q

_____ hold the information to build and maintain an organism’s cells and pass genetic traits to offspring

A

Genes

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4
Q

DNA is copied to RNA process

A

Transcription

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5
Q

RNA is used to produce proteins process

A

Translation

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6
Q

___ is a double-stranded helix with antiparallel

strands

A

DNA

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7
Q

Bases on opposite strands are linked by ________: A with T and G with C

A

Hydrogen bonding

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8
Q

The parent molecule unwinds, and two new daughter strands are built based on base-pairing molecules

A

DNA Replication

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9
Q

3 Models of DNA Replication

A
  1. Conservative
  2. Semi-Conservative
  3. Dispersive
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10
Q

What model does DNA replication portray?

A

Semi-Conservative

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11
Q

The replication of a DNA molecule begins at

special sites called ____________ where 2 strands are separated

A

Origins of Replication

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12
Q

DNA replication is catalyzed by ________ which needs an _________.

A

DNA polymerase; RNA primer

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13
Q

RNA primase synthesizes _______ on DNA strand

A

primer

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14
Q

DNA synthesis on the ________ is continuous

A

leading strand

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15
Q

DNA synthesis on the ___________ is discontinuous

A

lagging strand

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16
Q

DNA is added as short fragments _________ that are subsequently ligated together

A

Okazaki Fragments

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17
Q

This enzyme unwinds parental double helix.

A

Helicase

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18
Q

This enzyme stabilize separate strands

A

Binding proteins

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19
Q

This enzyme adds short primer to template strand

A

primase

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20
Q

This enzyme binds nucleotides to form new strands

A

DNA Polymerase III

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21
Q

This enzyme removes RNA primer and inserts the correct bases.

A

DNA polymerase I (exonuclease)

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22
Q

This enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments and seals other nicks in sugar-phosphate backbone

A

Ligase

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23
Q

This enzyme prevent single strands from rewinding

A

Binding proteins

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24
Q

Leading strand synthesis continues in a ______ direction.

A

5’ to 3’ direction

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25
Q

Discontinuous synthesis produces 5’ to 3’ DNA segments called _______.

A

Okazaki fragments

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26
Q

__________ enzyme adds DNA nucleotides to the RNA primer

A

DNA polymerase

27
Q

REPLICATION FORK OVERVIEW

A
  1. Helicase
  2. Binding Proteins
  3. DNA polymerase
  4. RNA polymerase
  5. RNA primer
  6. Ligase
28
Q

Chances of a mutation occurring at any one gene is over ________

A

1 in 100,000

29
Q

A mismatching of base pairs can occur at a rate of _______.

A

1 per 10,000 bases

30
Q

____________ proofread newly made DNA,

replacing any incorrect nucleotides

A

DNA polymerases

31
Q

The process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, __________, includes two stages called transcription and translation

A

gene expression

32
Q

Cells are governed by a cellular chain of command:

A

DNA → RNA → Protein

33
Q

Is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

A

Transcription

34
Q

Process of producing messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Transcription

35
Q
  • Is the actual synthesis of a polypeptide which occurs under the direction of mRNA
  • Occurs on ribosomes
A

Translation

36
Q

Extensive RNA processing occurs in the _____

A

nucleus

37
Q

___________ is the DNA directed synthesis of RNA

A

Transcription

38
Q
  1. Single Stranded
  2. short, 1 gene
  3. Uses sugar ribose
  4. Uses the base Uracil instead of Thymine (AU)
A

CHARACTERISTICS OF RNA

39
Q

Carries info specifying amino acid sequences of proteins from DNA to ribosomes

A

mRNA

40
Q

Serves as adapter molecule in protein synthesis; translates mRNA codons into amino acids

A

tRNA

41
Q

plays catalytic roles and structural roles in ribosomes

A

rRNA

42
Q

serves as a precursor to mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA, before bein processed by splicing or cleavage.

A

Primary transcript

43
Q

Plays structural and catalytic roles in spliceosomes , the complexes of protein and RNA that splice pre-mRNA

A

small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

44
Q

The stages of transcription are:

A

 Initiation
 Elongation
 Termination

45
Q

After RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, the DNA strands unwind, and the polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at the start point on the template strand.

A

Initiation

46
Q

The polymerase moves downstream, unwinding the DNA and elongating the RNA transcript. In the wake of transcription, the DNA strands re-form a double helix.

A

elongation

47
Q

Eventually, the RNA transcript is released, and the polymerase detaches from the DNA

A

Termination

48
Q

Promoters signal the initiation of RNA synthesis

A

Initiation

49
Q

RNA polymerase synthesizes a single strand
of RNA against the DNA template strand
(anti-sense strand), adding nucleotides to
the 3’ end of the RNA chain

A

elongation

50
Q

When one of these is encountered by the polymerase, the RNA transcript is released from the DNA and the double helix can zip up again

A

Termination

51
Q

Transcription of RNA processing occurs in the ____. After this, the messenger RNA moves to the ________ for translation

A

nucleus; cytoplasm

52
Q

genome consists of non-coding regions called ____

A

introns

53
Q

________ also allow for alternative RNA splicing

A

Introns

54
Q

The original transcript from the DNA is called ____

A

pre-mRNA

55
Q

The introns are removed by a process called _____ to produce messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

splicing

56
Q

Proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete structural and functional regions called _______

A

DOMAINS

57
Q

______ is the RNA-directed synthesis of a

polypeptide

A

Translation

58
Q

Translation involves:

A

mRNA
 Ribosomes – ribosomal RNA
 Transfer RNA
 Genetic coding – codons

59
Q

3 base codes for the production of a specific amino acid, sequence of three of the four different nucleotides

A

Codons

60
Q

3 of the 64 codons are used as STOP signals; they are found at the ____ of every gene and mark the end of the protein

A

end

61
Q

___ brings the amino acids to the ribosomes

A

tRNA

62
Q

The AUG start codon is recognized by _______

A

methionyl-tRNA

63
Q

_______, amino acids are added one by one to the preceding

amino acid

A

elongation stage

CYTOGENETICS (6 decks)

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