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CYTOGENETICS > (L4) Cellular Reproduction > Flashcards

(L4) Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

where the proteins are made; the only organelles in prokaryotic cells

A

Ribosomes

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2
Q

Don’t have define organelles aside from the ribosome

A

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

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3
Q

– is a structure within the cytoplasm that

performs a specific job in the cell

A

Organelle

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4
Q

allow eukaryotic cells to carry out more functions
compared to prokaryotic cells. This allows eukaryotic
cells to have greater cell specificity.

A

Organelle

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5
Q

provide energy to the cell

A

Mitochondria

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6
Q

store substances in the cells

A

Vacuoles

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7
Q

Prokaryotic cells reproduce by a process that is called

A

binary fission

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8
Q

during _______, the single-celled DNA molecule replicates and the original cell is divided into 2 identical daughter cells

A

binary fission

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9
Q

The DNA in such cells is contained in a single circular

chromosome called _______ within the cytoplasm

A

plasmids

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10
Q

The reproductive process starts with the ___________

A

replication of the chromosome

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11
Q

EXPLAIN BINARY FISSION

A
  1. 2 chromosomes/plasmids goes to opposite poles
  2. middle plasma membrane meet at the center
  3. middle plasma membrane connects and fissions to form 2 daughter cells
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12
Q

Eukaryotes grow and reproduce through a process called

A

mitosis

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13
Q

The life of eukaryotic cells is characterized by a cell cycle
with 2 major phases:

A

Interphase and Cell Division

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14
Q

The cell takes in nutrients, grows, and duplicates its

chromosomes

A

Interphase

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15
Q

CELL DIVISION:
The nucleus divides in a process called mitosis and then
the divided nuclei are established in separate cells in a
process called ________

A

cytokinesis

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16
Q

There are 2 different types of cellular reproduction. These

processes are responsible for creating different types of cells.

A
  1. Mitosis

2. Meiosis

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17
Q

A process that creates a nearly exact copy of the original

cell

A

MITOSIS

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18
Q

Somatic cells, which include nearly all human cells,

are created by this process

A

MITOSIS

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19
Q

different form of reproduction that leads to the production of germ cells, or sex cells

A

MEIOSIS

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20
Q

Special type of division that occur only in gametic cells

A

MEIOSIS

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21
Q

refers to the threadlike appearance of chromosomes as the cell prepares to divide

A

“Mitosis” = “Thread”

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22
Q

Process in which a eukaryotic cell nucleus splits in 2,

followed by division of the parent cell into 2 daughter cells

A

Mitosis

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23
Q

5 PHASES OF MITOSIS

A

IPMAT

  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
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24
Q

the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA

A

Interphase

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25
Q

the DNA is condensed down into chromosomes

A

Prophase

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26
Q

the chromosomes align in the middle

A

Metaphase

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27
Q

chromosomes are pulled apart

A

Anaphase

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28
Q

the nuclear membrane starts to reform. Around the 2 nuclei, appearance of the cleavage furrow is seen. Cytokinesis then follows. So, the furrow pinched together then the 2 new cells are formed

A

Telophase

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29
Q

BRIEFLY EXPLAIN IPMAT PHASES:

A
  1. Interphase: DNA replication
  2. Prophase: condense DNA to chromosome
  3. Metaphase: chromosome at the middle
  4. Anaphase: chromosome pulled apart
  5. Telophase: cleavage furrow then Cytokinesis
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30
Q

Differences between Binary Fission & Mitosis:

A

BF: Uncondensed and Moves to poles
MTS: Condensed and Spindles

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31
Q

generated by centrioles to pull apart the chromosomes

A

spindles

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32
Q

Common about Binary Fission and Mitosis:

A

DNA copied and Cell Divides

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33
Q

INTERPHASE:
Outside of the nucleus are __________, these
structures are critical for the process of cell division

A

2 centrosomes

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34
Q

During interphase, ______ extend from these

centrosomes

A

microtubules

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35
Q

3 STEPS OF PREPARATION FOR DIVISION IN MITOSIS:

3 PROCESSES IN INTERPHASE

A
  1. G1 PHASE
  2. S PHASE
  3. G2 PHASE
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36
Q

Also called the first gap phase, the cell grows physically
larger, copies or organelles, and makes the molecular
building blocks it will need in later steps.

A

G1 PHASE

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37
Q

the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the

DNA in its nucleus.

A

S PHASE

38
Q
  • a microtubule organizing structure is called the
  • helps separate DNA during M (mitosis)
    phase
A

centrosome

39
Q

During this phase the cell grows more, makes proteins
and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in
preparation for mitosis.

A

G2 PHASE

40
Q

EXPLAIN BRIEFLY THE 3 STEPS OF PREPARATION OF DIVISION:

A
  1. G1 PHASE: absorption of nutrients necessary for the later steps
  2. S PHASE: synthesis of DNA and centrosomes
  3. G2 PHASE: making of proteins and organelles
41
Q

The G1, S, and G2 phases together are known as

A

Interphase

42
Q

It is said that the average mammalian cell cycle last about
_______ and its transition of the cell from one
interphase through cell division and back to interphase.

A

17-18 hours

43
Q

longest; lasts about 9 hrs. cells are metabolically active during this phase, and this is when protein synthesis takes place. A cell might be permanently arrested at this phase if it does not undergo further division.

A

G1 PHASE

44
Q

arrested phase is referred to as

A

Gap 0 (G0) phase

45
Q

– lasts about 5 hrs. in mammalian cells. This is when DNA synthesis occurs. DNA replicates itself and the chromosomes then consist of 2 identicalsister chromatids. Some DNA replicate early in the this phase and some replicate later.

A

S PHASE

46
Q

– lasts about 3 hrs. during this phase, the cell
prepares to undergo cell division. Then the completion of
this phase represents the end of the interphase.

A

G2 Phase

47
Q

Final stage of the cell cycle; very important. Lasts about
1-2 hours in most mammalian cells. It is the process by
which cells reproduce themselves creating 2 daughter
cells that are genetically identical to one another and to
the original parent cell.

A

MITOSIS

48
Q 
Answer with the corresponding hours of the phases:
G1:
S:
G2:
Mitotic Phase:
A

G1: 9 hrs
S: 5 hrs
G2: 3 hrs
Mitotic Phase: 1-2 hrs

49
Q

Chromosomes are at their greatest elongation and are
NOT VISIBLE as discrete structures under the light
microscope during the _________

A

Interphase

50
Q

during _____, chromosomes begin to coil, thus, it becomes more condensed, and it begins to become visible as discrete
structures under a LM

A

prophase

51
Q

EXPLAIN PROPHASE:

A
  1. 4 daughter chromatids (x structures) pair up forming 2 pairs (each daughter chromatids have 2 sister chromatids)
  2. Once paired, nuclear membrane dissolves.
  3. Spindle fibers (containing microtubules) moves to opposite poles between centrosomes.
52
Q

Is a short period between prophase and metaphase
during which the nuclear membrane disappears and the
spindle fibers begin to appear

A

PROMETAPHASE

53
Q

The mitotic spindle is completed. The centrioles divide
and move to opposite poles. The chromosomes line up
on the equatorial plate. Chromosomes reach their
maximum state of contraction during this phase.

A

METAPHASE

54
Q

Why is the metaphase chromosomes that are traditionally studied in cytogenetics?

A

Chromosomes reach their maximum state of contraction during this phase

55
Q

What phase?

• The chromosomes line up neatly end-to-end along the
center (equator) of the cell

• The centrioles are now at the opposite poles of the cell
with the mitotic spindle fibers extending from them. So,
the mitotic spindle fibers attach to each of the sister
chromatids

A

Metaphase

56
Q

• Here, centromeres divide longitudinally and the

chromatids separate during this stage

A

Anaphase

57
Q

• Sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles as anaphase
progresses

• The sister chromatids are then pulled apart by the mitotic
spindle which pulls one chromatid to one pole and the
other chromatid to the opposite pole

A

Anaphase

58
Q

Final stage of mitosis

A

Telophase

59
Q

• Chromosomes uncoil and become indistinguishable
again. The nuclei reform, and the nuclear membrane is
reconstructed

• At each pole of the cell, a full set of chromosomes gather
together.

• A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to
create two new nuclei

A

Telophase

60
Q

Cytoplasmic Division

A

Cytokinesis

60
Q

Cytoplasmic Division

A

Cytokinesis

61
Q

PRODUCTS OF MITOSIS:

A
  • 2 genetically identical daughter cells

- contain complete set of genetic material from parent cell

62
Q

process wherein the cytoplasm of the cell is split in two

A

Cytokinesis

63
Q

A process involving one duplication of the DNA and two

cell divisions

A

Meiosis

64
Q

PROVIDE DEFINITION:

Diploid:
Haploid:

A

Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes
Haploid: single set of chromosomes (46-23)

65
Q

PROVIDE DEFINITION:
Meiosis I:
Meiosis II:

A

Meiosis I: Reductional Division

Meiosis II: Equational Division

66
Q

Homologue pairs separates during a first round of cell

division

A

meiosis I

67
Q

Sister chromatids separate during a second round

A

meiosis II

68
Q

Each chromosome carefully aligns with its homologue partner so that the two match up at corresponding positions along their full length.

A

Prophase I

69
Q

Homologue partner are also known as

A

bivalent chromosomes

70
Q

Process in which homologous chromosomes trade parts

basically, two chromosomes cross over and exchange a part of their chromosomes

A

Crossing over

71
Q

Crossing over is helped along by a protein structure called __________ that holds the homologues together.

A

synaptonemal complex

72
Q

The point where cross-over occurs is called the

A

Chiasma (plural: chiasmata)

73
Q

The phase in meiosis involving the crossing over of alleles of each gene from the homologous chromosomes (bivalent chromosomes)

A

Prophase I

74
Q

5 RECOGNIZABLE STAGES OF PROPHASE I:

A
  1. Leptonema
  2. Zygonema
  3. Pachynema
  4. Diplonema
  5. Diakinesis
74
Q

5 RECOGNIZABLE STAGES OF PROPHASE I:

A
  1. Leptonema
  2. Zygonema
  3. Pachynema
  4. Diplonema
  5. Diakinesis
75
Q

referred to as the thin thread stage

A

Leptonema

76
Q
  • The chromosomes are long and slender with many bead-like structures
  • Each chromosome appears as a single structure
A

chromomere

77
Q

Stage where homologous chromosomes pair to form

bivalent or tetrad. Synaptonemal complex is formed.

A

Zygonema

78
Q

Homologous chromosomes appear as long thread-like structures pair locus per locus

A

Zygotene

79
Q

Pairing is called

A

synapsis

80
Q

T or F:

The synaptonemal complex can be seen with electron
microscopy

A

T

81
Q

It’s a process from being single to having a pair.

A

Zygonema

82
Q

What holds the chromosome together during Zygonema?

A

Synaptonemal complex

83
Q

The chromosomes continue to condense and now appear

as thicker threads

A

Pachytene

84
Q

In pachytene, paired homologues from structures called bivalents are sometimes referred to as ________ because they are composed of four chromatids

A

tetrads

85
Q

What stage of prophase does phenomenon of crossing over occurs?

A

Pachytene

86
Q

What stage of prophase is this?

  • Longitudinal separation of bivalents
  • In diplotene, chromosomes continue to shorten and
    thicken. The homologous chromosomes begin to repel
    each other
A

Diplonema

87
Q

• There is maximal contraction of bivalents showing a
unique configuration due to repulsion of bivalents

• Chromosomes reach their greatest contraction during this
stage of prophase

• This is the stage where bivalents are distributed
throughout the nucleus

A

Diakinesis

88
Q

During _________, homologue pairs – not individual chromosomes – line up at the equatorial plate for separation

A

metaphase I

89
Q

Homologous chromosomes – each containing two

chromatids move to separate poles

A

Anaphase I

90
Q

Each of the 2 daughter cells is now in haploid (n) with half the number of chromosomes per nucleus as in meiosis I.

A

Telophase I

CYTOGENETICS (6 decks)

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