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N110 Anat > L5 > Flashcards

L5 Flashcards

1
Q

Five activities of respiratory system

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out the lungs
  2. External gas exchange: absorb oxygen from alveolar air & remove co2 from blood into alveolar air
  3. Gas transport
  4. Internal gas exchange: transfer oxygen from blood to cell
  5. Cellular respiration
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2
Q

Airway characteristics

A

Lined by pseudostratified, ciliated epithelium.

Epithelial membrane warmth and moisturise the inhaled air

Mucus can trap particular object

Ciliate can move particulate-laden mucus move to pharynx 痰

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3
Q

Upper respiratory system

Lower respiratory system

A

Upper respiratory system
Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, pharynx

Lower respiratory system
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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4
Q

Nose external / internal

A

Open divided by a midline
Composed of cartilage, bone and fibrous tissue
Hair inside can trap small particles

Internal: anterior is bony, posterior is soft palate
Mucosal area create turbulence to warmth the inhaled air

Paranasal sinus
Hollow, warmth air, sound resonance

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5
Q

Pharynx+ larynx

A

Larynx is 5 cm tube consist of cartilage & skeletal muscle

Function. Air conduction
Diverse food into oesophagus, air into trachea
Phonation
Cough reflex

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6
Q

Trachea

A

Flexible tube 12*2cm
Anterior to neck
Divided into left and right bronchi

3 layers
1. Respiratory mucous membrane
2. 16-20 c shape rings of tracheal cartilage
3. Outer fibrous tissue

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7
Q

Bronchi tree

A

Primary-) secondary -) tertiary bronchi-) bronchioles -) alveolar duct in respiratory zone

Bronchioles no c shape cartilage

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8
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in the respiratory zone
Type 1: flat squamous cell

Type 2: secretee surfactant to keep alveoli open
Secrete antimicrobial protein to avoid infection

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9
Q

Gas exchange of alveoli

A

20% free exchange, 80% bind with rbc

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10
Q

Lung

A

Cone shaped, round apex

Right side larger

Right 3 lobes left 2

Cover by
Visceral pleura (inside)
Parietal pleura (outside)
Pleural cavity -) interstitial space filled with liquid

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11
Q

Lung’s blood supply & nervous control

A

Pulmonary artery
Bronchial arteries
Pulmonary vein
Bronchial vein

Nerve
Sympathetic (relax bronchial smooth muscle)
Parasympathetic (maintain in a slightly constricted state)

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12
Q

Muscles used in ventilation ( inhalation / exhalation)

A

Diaphragm
External intercostal muscle
Scalene of neck

Exhale: anterior muscle of abdominal wall
Internal intercostal muscle

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13
Q

Inspiration steps

A
  1. Inhalation
  2. Rib intercostal muscle expand
  3. Diaphram pulled downward
  4. Air flow into lung cpacity due to reduced pressure
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14
Q

Exhalation

A
  1. Interior intercostal muscle contract
  2. Diaphragm relax and return to place
  3. Lung capacity reduced and pressure increased
  4. Air flow of lung through nasal cavity
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15
Q

Factors affecting ventilation

A

Strength of diaphragm and related muscle
Strength of airway
Strength of lung to expand and return
Compliance of lung

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16
Q

Ventilation amount terms

A

Tidal volume: amount of oxygen in and out

Anatomical deadspace: amount of air trapped in conducting zone when no gaseous exchange happening

Inspiratory reserve volume: extra air that can be inhaled

Expiratory reserve volume: extra volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled.

Residual volume: amount that cannot be exhaled

Inspiratory capacity: amount of air could breathe in after entire inhale process

Function residual capacity
Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Vital capacity: total amount of air can forcefully breathe in & out
Tidal volume+ IRV + ERV

Total volume:
Vital capacity + residual volume

17
Q

Forced exhale volume

A

Max 1 sec exhale volume

18
Q

Haemoglobin saturation factors

A

Partial pressure of oxygen-) up then up
Partial pressure of co2 -) up then down
Acidity -) up then down
Temperature-) up then down

19
Q

80-90% carbon dioxide bind to oxygen as bicarbonate

A
20
Q

Roles of lungs in acid-base balance

A

Lung remove co2 when exhalation to maintain homeostasis of pH

21
Q

Acidosis vs alkalosis

A

Acidosis: lung cannot remove enough co2
Acidic cause ventilation failure

Alkalosis
Cause hyperventilation: heart attack, pain

22
Q

Control of respiration

A

Usually 12rr/min

Consciously: required cereBral cortex to commanding voluntary muscle

Unconsciously:

23
Q

Disease related to respiratory system

A

Nasopharyngeal cancer
Nosebleed, trouble hearing

Oropharyngeal cancer
Affect swallowing, mouth & tongue movement

Asthma
Difficult breathing

Pneumonia
Cause by bacteria
High fever

N110 Anat (9 decks)

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