L1 Flashcards
Direction terms
Superior- to head
Inferior- toward toes
Anterior- front
Posterior- back
Medial- close to midline
Lateral- away from midline
Proximal- close to…
Distal- away from
Superficial- shallow
Deep-
Planes
Sagittal plane- left right
Frontal plane front & back
Transverse plane- up & down
Cavities
Dorsal cavity=
Cranial cavity- brain
Spinal cavity- spinal cord
Ventral cavity=
Thoracic cavity- heart & lung
Abdominalpelvic cavity- digestives + reproductive organs
9 regions & 4 quadrant
- Right hypochondriac region
- Epigastric region
- Left hypochondriac region
- Right lumbar region
- Umbilical region
- Left lumbar region
- Right iliac region
- Hypogastric region
- Left iliac region
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
Protein in different system
- Enzyme- digestive system (biological catalyst)
- Hormone- endocrine system (regulate body function and mood control)
- Immunoglobulins- immune system for body defense
- Haemoglobin- blood system ( transfer of essential substance)
- Collagen- bone system (body structure support)
- Actin, myosin- muscle system (muscle contraction)
Basic structure of a cell
Plasma membrane
(Boundary of cell)
Cytoplasm
Fluid-filled compartment
Organelles
Inside cytoplasm for different functions
Nucleus
Carry genetic materials
Cell membrane function
Boundary of cell
Control in and out
Structure
Phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail
Protein channel
Passive transport
1. Simple diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Osmosis-) high to low concentration
4. Active transport (required ATP)
Cytoplasm
Medium of cell
Organelle
- Nucleus (control genetic material)
- Ribosome (protein synthesis)
Tissues definition
Cell of similar functions group to form tissue
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
types:
Simple 單層
Stratified 多層
Pseudostratified 夾心
Squamous 扁
Cuboidal 方
Columnar 柱
Glands (made of epithelial cell)
Endocrine cell vs exocrine cell
Endocrine cell secrete hormone direct to blood
Exocrine cell secrete substance on epithelial surface
Mucous membrane vs serous membrane
Mucous membrane is line tissue cavities open directly to external environment
Serous membrane line tissue cavities that are not directly exposed to external environment
(Respiratory, digestive, urinary)
Connective tissue
- Loose connective tissue (adipose tissue)
- Dense connective tissue (ligament, tendon)
- Cartilage (between bone)
- Bone
- Blood (transport water, nutrient )
Muscle tissue
- Skeletal tissue (attach to bone, voluntary)
- Smooth muscle (involuntary)
- Cardiac muscle (covering walls of heart, involuntary)
Nervous cell
Neuron 10%
Neuroglial cell 90%
For nerve impulse transmission
Gland
Endocrine glands (no ductx pancrease releasing insulin into blood)
exocrine glands (with duct, pancreas secreting pancreatic juice to digestive system)
Layers of epdermis
- Stratum corneum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum stratum spinosum
- Basal layer
Dermis
- Nerves
- Blood vessels
- Sebaceous glands
- Sweat glands
- Hair follicles
Homeostasis
Control effort of body to maintain internal condition in a stable narrow range
Included:
Body temperature
BP
Glucose
Water
Ion
pH
Negative feedback mechanism
By stimulation (increase body temp), receptor (temperature sensing receptor) , control centre (thermoregulatory centre in hypothalamus), effector (blood vessels / sweat glands) and response (vasodilation, sweating) to counteract the deviation from normal range
Positive feedback
Stimulation (contraction of uterus)
Receptor (stretch receptor in uterine wall)
Control centre (hypothalamus and pituitary gland)
Effector (release of oxytocin, causing uterus to contract)
Response (uterus contract until baby is delivered
Homeostasis fail:
Benign tumor 良性
Malignant tumors 惡性
mutation > apoptosis = cancer
General cause of disease
Inherit
Micro organism
Physical (uv light)
Autoimmune
Malnutrition
Degeneration
