L1

Question 1

Direction terms

Answer 1

Superior- to head
Inferior- toward toes

Anterior- front
Posterior- back

Medial- close to midline
Lateral- away from midline

Proximal- close to…
Distal- away from

Superficial- shallow
Deep-

Question 2

Planes

Answer 2

Sagittal plane- left right

Frontal plane front & back

Transverse plane- up & down

Question 3

Cavities

Answer 3

Dorsal cavity=
Cranial cavity- brain
Spinal cavity- spinal cord

Ventral cavity=
Thoracic cavity- heart & lung
Abdominalpelvic cavity- digestives + reproductive organs

Question 4

9 regions & 4 quadrant

Answer 4

1. Right hypochondriac region
2. Epigastric region
3. Left hypochondriac region
4. Right lumbar region
5. Umbilical region
6. Left lumbar region
7. Right iliac region
8. Hypogastric region
9. Left iliac region

Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant

Question 5

Protein in different system

Answer 5

1. Enzyme- digestive system (biological catalyst)
2. Hormone- endocrine system (regulate body function and mood control)
3. Immunoglobulins- immune system for body defense
4. Haemoglobin- blood system ( transfer of essential substance)
5. Collagen- bone system (body structure support)
6. Actin, myosin- muscle system (muscle contraction)

Question 6

Basic structure of a cell

Answer 6

Plasma membrane
(Boundary of cell)

Cytoplasm
Fluid-filled compartment

Organelles
Inside cytoplasm for different functions

Nucleus
Carry genetic materials

Question 7

Cell membrane function

Answer 7

Boundary of cell
Control in and out

Structure
Phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail
Protein channel

Passive transport
1. Simple diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Osmosis-) high to low concentration
4. Active transport (required ATP)

Question 8

Cytoplasm

Answer 8

Medium of cell

Question 9

Organelle

Answer 9

1. Nucleus (control genetic material)
2. Ribosome (protein synthesis)

Question 10

Tissues definition

Answer 10

Cell of similar functions group to form tissue
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue

Question 11

Epithelial tissue

Answer 11

types:
Simple 單層
Stratified 多層
Pseudostratified 夾心
Squamous 扁
Cuboidal 方
Columnar 柱

Question 12

Glands (made of epithelial cell)

Answer 12

Endocrine cell vs exocrine cell

Endocrine cell secrete hormone direct to blood
Exocrine cell secrete substance on epithelial surface

Question 13

Mucous membrane vs serous membrane

Answer 13

Mucous membrane is line tissue cavities open directly to external environment

Serous membrane line tissue cavities that are not directly exposed to external environment
(Respiratory, digestive, urinary)

Question 14

Connective tissue

Answer 14

1. Loose connective tissue (adipose tissue)
2. Dense connective tissue (ligament, tendon)
3. Cartilage (between bone)
4. Bone
5. Blood (transport water, nutrient )

Question 15

Muscle tissue

Answer 15

1. Skeletal tissue (attach to bone, voluntary)
2. Smooth muscle (involuntary)
3. Cardiac muscle (covering walls of heart, involuntary)

Question 16

Nervous cell

Answer 16

Neuron 10%
Neuroglial cell 90%

For nerve impulse transmission

Question 17

Gland

Answer 17

Endocrine glands (no ductx pancrease releasing insulin into blood)

exocrine glands (with duct, pancreas secreting pancreatic juice to digestive system)

Question 18

Layers of epdermis

Answer 18

1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum lucidum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum stratum spinosum
5. Basal layer

Question 19

Dermis

Answer 19

1. Nerves
2. Blood vessels
3. Sebaceous glands
4. Sweat glands
5. Hair follicles

Question 20

Homeostasis

Answer 20

Control effort of body to maintain internal condition in a stable narrow range

Included:
Body temperature
BP
Glucose
Water
Ion
pH

Question 21

Negative feedback mechanism

Answer 21

By stimulation (increase body temp), receptor (temperature sensing receptor) , control centre (thermoregulatory centre in hypothalamus), effector (blood vessels / sweat glands) and response (vasodilation, sweating) to counteract the deviation from normal range

Question 22

Positive feedback

Answer 22

Stimulation (contraction of uterus)

Receptor (stretch receptor in uterine wall)

Control centre (hypothalamus and pituitary gland)

Effector (release of oxytocin, causing uterus to contract)

Response (uterus contract until baby is delivered

Question 23

Homeostasis fail:

Answer 23

Benign tumor 良性
Malignant tumors 惡性
mutation > apoptosis = cancer

Question 24

General cause of disease

Answer 24

Inherit
Micro organism
Physical (uv light)
Autoimmune
Malnutrition
Degeneration