L3 Blood Flashcards
Blood info
A type of connecting tissue
pH7.4
Made of plasma and formed elements ( blood cell)
Compound of blood
Plasma 55% least dense
Protein + water (most)
Erythrocyte 45%
Platelets
WBC
RBC
Buffy coat (leukocyte ) <1% most dense
Function of blood
- Transport solution
- Immune defense (WBC)
- Maintain homeostasis ( blood temperature, vasodilation, vasoconstriction)
- clotting mechanism
Location of hematopoiesis
Fetal: in liver and spleen
Adult: in red bone marrow found in pelvis
RBC
Lifespan: 120 days
Amount: 99% of formed elements, 45% of full blood
Biconcave side, big area small volume
Flexible, can travel in the tiniest capillary
Hemogloblin
Contains of
4 globin protein
4 heme molecule
1 iron ion
Function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
1 heme molecule can bind to 4 oxygen molecules
Life cycle of erythrocyte
- Production of rbc by erythropoiesis
Triggered by bleeding / hypoxia
Kidney release erythropoietin to stimulate red bone marrow to produce rbc
- Breakdown
Old rbc recognised by macrophage in spleen and phagocytosis by liver
Breakdown into heme molecule, globin and bilirubin
Blood compatibility
Type A can donate to type A & type AB
Receive from type A and O
Type B can donate to type B and type AB
Receive from type B and O
Type AB can donate to AB only, receive from all type of blood (universal recipient)
Type O is universal donor
Receive from O only
Agglutination 凝血
Antigen on rbc group bind with antibody in other blood group
Effect: form visible chain, block capillary
Rh blood group how to identify
Depends on Rh-D antigen present or not
Rh+ hve Rh-D
Rh- don’t have
Anti Rh-D antibody only produce when Rh- blood met Rh+ blood
Blood platelet
Produced in red bone marrow
Function: hemostasis 止血
Hemostasis
- Vasoconstriction
- Platelet aggregation
- Coagulation
Vasoconstricition
Releasing thromboxane and stimulating sympathetic nervous system stimulates smooth muscle, caused vasoconstriction.
Blood vessel constricted, limited blood flow
Platelet aggregation
Platelet adhere to exposed collagen fibre
effect: further vasoconstriction, temporarily seal the wound
Coagulation
Result in a clot : fibrin web formed with blood cell
Form in 3 pathways
1. Intrinsic
Form inside the vessel
Factor 12 -) factor 10
- Extrinsic
Form from the damaged tissue
Factor 7 -) factor 10 - Common pathway
Factor 10
Lymphatic system included
Red bone marrow
Thymus 胸腺
Spleen 脾
Lymph node 淋巴結
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
Lymphatic newtwork
Lymph capillary
Lymphoid vessel
Lymph node
Lymph duct
流向of lymphatic
Interstitial fluid
Lymphatic capillary
Lymphoid vessel
-) 1. Right lymphatic duct ( right chest, neck & head)
-) right subclavian vein
-) 2. Thoracic duct ( remaining part of body)
-) left subclavian vein
Red bone marrow
Found in marrow cavity of bone, such as spine, pelvis, proximal 近身體中間 side of long bones
Function: to produce blood cell
Thymus 胸腺
Anterior to heart capillary, posterior to sternum
Function: proliferate & maturation of T cell
Lymph node 淋巴結
500 of them in the lymph vessel
Function: screen lymph
Proliferate and mature NK cell
Spleen 脾
At left hypochondriac region
Break down old rbc
Production of rbc when is fetus
Store platelet, macrophage
Mucosa Associated lymphoid tissue
Mucosal lining (mouth)
Function: protect from pathogen
Initiate immune response to pathogen
Immune system functions
- Distinguish self and non-self
- Defence against pathogen & foreign substance
- Identify & destroy abnormal cell
- Identify and destroy damaged & old cell
Leukocyte (wbc)
Produced in red bone marrow,
Functioning to protect against infection
3 types of granulocyte
- Neutrophil: react for phagocytosis
- Basophil: release histamine ( for allergy)
- Eosinophil: for allergy response
Leukocyte ( lymphocyte)
Requires to be matured to fully function
T cell
(Cell-mediated immunity)
B cell
( antibody-mediated immunity)
NK cell
Kill cancer cell
Leukocyte ( monocyte)
Function:
1. macrophage
2. Dendritic cell
3 lines of immunity
First line defense: physical barrier, chemical barrier
Second line defence: fever, inflammation, phagocytosis
Third line defence: antibody-mediated ( B cell)
cell-mediated ( T cell)
First line defence
Physical barrier:
Skin
Mucous
Found in respiratory system, trap pathogen
Hair
Filter larger particles
Chemical barriers
Lysozyme: tears, saliva
Acid: gastric juice
Normal flora: non pathogenic bacteria that prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria
Second line defence
Aims to remove invading non-self matter
By fever, inflammation, phagocytosis
Step:
1. Wrap around the invaders
2. Internalize
3. Release enzyme to digest invader
4. Excrete the debris
Characteristics
Redness
Swelling
Fever
Pain
Inflammation steps
1. Vessel dilation to increase blood flow
2. Plasma leak into injured tissue with nutrient and repair factor
3. Wbc get into tissue
4. Attack and remove invader and initiate repair
Third line immunity
- Cell mediated immune response ( T cell)
Mature in cell surface - Antibody mediated immune response ( B cell)
Mature in bone marrow
Antibody-mediated immune response
- Activation:
Antigen binds to B cell receptor
Activated the antigen-specific B cell - Proliferation
Activate the proliferation of B cell, mostly evolve into plasma cell, some is memory B cell - Action
Plasma cell secrete antibody to the antigen
Helper T cell enhance the plasma cell activation
Memory B cell proiferate into plasma cell for a faster and stronger response in the future secondary immune response
Antibody effect:
Block the effect of antigen
Bind with specific antigen to lose its damaging ability
Immobilise antigen
5 classes of antibodies
G
most number
Work in second immune response
M
First immune response
A
Secrete at saliva, milk
Work at entry point
D
B cell receptor, activate B cell
E
Allergic response
Cell mediated immunity
Target: virus-infected cell
Mutated cell
Transplanted cell
Involve
1. Effector T cell
Cytotoxic T cell, helper T cell, suppressor T cell
2 memory T cell
Process
- Activation
Antigen appears, binded into T cell receptor
Proliferation
Effector T cell proliferate, some into memory T cell
Action:
Cytotoxic T cell: destroy abnormal T cell
Helper T cell: activate cytotoxic T cell to produce antibody
Suppressor T cell
Regulate Cytotoxic T cell to maintain immune system homeostasis
Memory T cell: proliferate into effector T cell for a faster and stronger secondary immune response
Immune memory
Initial immune response
activate in a week, first expose to antigen
Secondary immune response
Stronger, quicker, presence of memory cell
Adaptive immuniy
Active
1. Natural: immunity develop from an infection
2. Artificial: immunity gain in response to a vaccination
Passive
1. Natural: from mother milk / placenta
2. Artificial: immunity gain from injection
Immune disorder
- Autoimmune disease: self attack
- Allergy: exaggerated immune response
- Immunodeficiency: weak or none of immunity
