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N110 Anat > L3 Blood > Flashcards

L3 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood info

A

A type of connecting tissue

pH7.4

Made of plasma and formed elements ( blood cell)

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2
Q

Compound of blood

A

Plasma 55% least dense
Protein + water (most)

Erythrocyte 45%
Platelets
WBC
RBC

Buffy coat (leukocyte ) <1% most dense

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3
Q

Function of blood

A
  1. Transport solution
  2. Immune defense (WBC)
  3. Maintain homeostasis ( blood temperature, vasodilation, vasoconstriction)
  4. clotting mechanism
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4
Q

Location of hematopoiesis

A

Fetal: in liver and spleen

Adult: in red bone marrow found in pelvis

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5
Q

RBC

A

Lifespan: 120 days

Amount: 99% of formed elements, 45% of full blood

Biconcave side, big area small volume

Flexible, can travel in the tiniest capillary

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6
Q

Hemogloblin

A

Contains of
4 globin protein
4 heme molecule
1 iron ion

Function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

1 heme molecule can bind to 4 oxygen molecules

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7
Q

Life cycle of erythrocyte

A
  1. Production of rbc by erythropoiesis

Triggered by bleeding / hypoxia
Kidney release erythropoietin to stimulate red bone marrow to produce rbc

  1. Breakdown
    Old rbc recognised by macrophage in spleen and phagocytosis by liver
    Breakdown into heme molecule, globin and bilirubin
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8
Q

Blood compatibility

A

Type A can donate to type A & type AB
Receive from type A and O

Type B can donate to type B and type AB
Receive from type B and O

Type AB can donate to AB only, receive from all type of blood (universal recipient)

Type O is universal donor
Receive from O only

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9
Q

Agglutination 凝血

A

Antigen on rbc group bind with antibody in other blood group

Effect: form visible chain, block capillary

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10
Q

Rh blood group how to identify

A

Depends on Rh-D antigen present or not

Rh+ hve Rh-D
Rh- don’t have

Anti Rh-D antibody only produce when Rh- blood met Rh+ blood

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11
Q

Blood platelet

A

Produced in red bone marrow

Function: hemostasis 止血

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12
Q

Hemostasis

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Platelet aggregation
  3. Coagulation
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13
Q

Vasoconstricition

A

Releasing thromboxane and stimulating sympathetic nervous system stimulates smooth muscle, caused vasoconstriction.

Blood vessel constricted, limited blood flow

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14
Q

Platelet aggregation

A

Platelet adhere to exposed collagen fibre

effect: further vasoconstriction, temporarily seal the wound

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15
Q

Coagulation

A

Result in a clot : fibrin web formed with blood cell

Form in 3 pathways
1. Intrinsic
Form inside the vessel
Factor 12 -) factor 10

  1. Extrinsic
    Form from the damaged tissue
    Factor 7 -) factor 10
  2. Common pathway
    Factor 10
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16
Q

Lymphatic system included

A

Red bone marrow
Thymus 胸腺
Spleen 脾
Lymph node 淋巴結
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

17
Q

Lymphatic newtwork

A

Lymph capillary
Lymphoid vessel
Lymph node
Lymph duct

18
Q

流向of lymphatic

A

Interstitial fluid
Lymphatic capillary
Lymphoid vessel
-) 1. Right lymphatic duct ( right chest, neck & head)
-) right subclavian vein
-) 2. Thoracic duct ( remaining part of body)
-) left subclavian vein

19
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Found in marrow cavity of bone, such as spine, pelvis, proximal 近身體中間 side of long bones

Function: to produce blood cell

20
Q

Thymus 胸腺

A

Anterior to heart capillary, posterior to sternum

Function: proliferate & maturation of T cell

21
Q

Lymph node 淋巴結

A

500 of them in the lymph vessel

Function: screen lymph
Proliferate and mature NK cell

22
Q

Spleen 脾

A

At left hypochondriac region
Break down old rbc
Production of rbc when is fetus
Store platelet, macrophage

23
Q

Mucosa Associated lymphoid tissue

A

Mucosal lining (mouth)

Function: protect from pathogen
Initiate immune response to pathogen

24
Q

Immune system functions

A
  1. Distinguish self and non-self
  2. Defence against pathogen & foreign substance
  3. Identify & destroy abnormal cell
  4. Identify and destroy damaged & old cell
25
Q

Leukocyte (wbc)

A

Produced in red bone marrow,

Functioning to protect against infection

3 types of granulocyte

  1. Neutrophil: react for phagocytosis
  2. Basophil: release histamine ( for allergy)
  3. Eosinophil: for allergy response
26
Q

Leukocyte ( lymphocyte)

A

Requires to be matured to fully function

T cell
(Cell-mediated immunity)

B cell
( antibody-mediated immunity)

NK cell
Kill cancer cell

27
Q

Leukocyte ( monocyte)

A

Function:
1. macrophage
2. Dendritic cell

28
Q

3 lines of immunity

A

First line defense: physical barrier, chemical barrier

Second line defence: fever, inflammation, phagocytosis

Third line defence: antibody-mediated ( B cell)
cell-mediated ( T cell)

29
Q

First line defence

A

Physical barrier:
Skin

Mucous
Found in respiratory system, trap pathogen

Hair
Filter larger particles

Chemical barriers
Lysozyme: tears, saliva
Acid: gastric juice

Normal flora: non pathogenic bacteria that prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria

30
Q

Second line defence

A

Aims to remove invading non-self matter

By fever, inflammation, phagocytosis

Step:
1. Wrap around the invaders
2. Internalize
3. Release enzyme to digest invader
4. Excrete the debris

Characteristics

Redness
Swelling
Fever
Pain

Inflammation steps
1. Vessel dilation to increase blood flow
2. Plasma leak into injured tissue with nutrient and repair factor
3. Wbc get into tissue
4. Attack and remove invader and initiate repair

31
Q

Third line immunity

A
  1. Cell mediated immune response ( T cell)
    Mature in cell surface
  2. Antibody mediated immune response ( B cell)
    Mature in bone marrow
32
Q

Antibody-mediated immune response

A
  1. Activation:
    Antigen binds to B cell receptor
    Activated the antigen-specific B cell
  2. Proliferation
    Activate the proliferation of B cell, mostly evolve into plasma cell, some is memory B cell
  3. Action
    Plasma cell secrete antibody to the antigen
    Helper T cell enhance the plasma cell activation
    Memory B cell proiferate into plasma cell for a faster and stronger response in the future secondary immune response
33
Q

Antibody effect:

A

Block the effect of antigen
Bind with specific antigen to lose its damaging ability
Immobilise antigen

34
Q

5 classes of antibodies

A

G
most number
Work in second immune response

M
First immune response

A
Secrete at saliva, milk
Work at entry point

D
B cell receptor, activate B cell

E
Allergic response

35
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

Target: virus-infected cell
Mutated cell
Transplanted cell

Involve
1. Effector T cell
Cytotoxic T cell, helper T cell, suppressor T cell

2 memory T cell

Process

  1. Activation
    Antigen appears, binded into T cell receptor

Proliferation
Effector T cell proliferate, some into memory T cell

Action:
Cytotoxic T cell: destroy abnormal T cell
Helper T cell: activate cytotoxic T cell to produce antibody

Suppressor T cell
Regulate Cytotoxic T cell to maintain immune system homeostasis
Memory T cell: proliferate into effector T cell for a faster and stronger secondary immune response

36
Q

Immune memory

A

Initial immune response
activate in a week, first expose to antigen

Secondary immune response
Stronger, quicker, presence of memory cell

37
Q

Adaptive immuniy

A

Active
1. Natural: immunity develop from an infection
2. Artificial: immunity gain in response to a vaccination

Passive
1. Natural: from mother milk / placenta
2. Artificial: immunity gain from injection

38
Q

Immune disorder

A
  1. Autoimmune disease: self attack
  2. Allergy: exaggerated immune response
  3. Immunodeficiency: weak or none of immunity

N110 Anat (9 decks)

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