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Applications of Marine Science > L4 - Satellites in Marine Science > Flashcards

L4 - Satellites in Marine Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Give 5 points about the MaxWave Project

A
  1. Part of ESA
  2. ERS-1 and ERS-2
  3. Monitored the oceans for large waves
  4. 2004 reported 10 open ocean waves over 25m (freak waves)
  5. Variety of global locations
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2
Q

What is NWP?

A

Numerical Weather Prediction

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of satellite?

A
  1. Polar Orbital

2. Geostationary

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4
Q

What are Polar Orbital satellites?

A

Ones that have a circular orbit over the poles

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5
Q

What are Geostationary satellites?

A

Ones that have a fixed position and always look at the same place at the same time

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6
Q

Give 5 points about Polar Orbital satellites

A
  1. They are in low orbit (altitudes of 700-900km)
  2. Orbital period of 90-100 minutes
  3. Swaths up to 3000km wide
  4. Sensors and platforms vary
  5. Resolution depends on the sensor
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7
Q

Who controls USA satellites?

A

NOAA and NASA

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8
Q

What is POESS?

A

Polar Earth Satellite System

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9
Q

What is the satellite programme in Europe run by ESA?

A

MetOp

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10
Q

Give 3 points about Geostationary satellites

A
  1. Altitude of 35,000km above the equator
  2. Near global coverage
  3. Distortion near the poles (geosynchronised to be above the equator)
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11
Q

Give 4 applications of Infrared Sounders

A
  1. Forecasting
  2. SST
  3. Fish Migration
  4. Ice Edges & Extents
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12
Q

What do Infrared Sounders do?

A

Observe emissions from the atmosphere in the wave bands 3-15um and convert to temperature, water content etc.

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13
Q

What do Infrared Sounders give?

A

An accurate representation of the top few cm of the ocean

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14
Q

Give 2 limitations of Infrared Sounders

A
  1. Sensitive to SST and Clouds

2. Need Ground-Truthing

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15
Q

Give 3 points about Optical Sensors

A
  1. Observe emissions from the atmosphere in the visible spectrum
  2. Photograph of the Earth
  3. Cannot be used in darkness (need IR imagery)
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16
Q

Give 6 applications of Optical Sensors

A
  1. Clouds/Fog
  2. Coastal Erosion Management
  3. Shallow, Clearwater Hydrography
  4. Mapping Pollution/Dredging Plumes
  5. Ice Edges
  6. Shallow Water Habitat Mapping
17
Q

What is derived wind data?

A

Wind observations derived from the motion of clouds and water vapour at different atmospheric levels because there aren’t any direct observations of wind from satellites

18
Q

What is AVM?

A

Atmospheric Motion Vectors

19
Q

What is ATSR?

A

Along Track Scanning Radiometer

20
Q

What is SAR?

A

Synthetic Aperture Radar

21
Q

What are Along Track Scanning Radiometers used for?

A

To give highly accurate, near global SST records

22
Q

What is the accuracy of Along Track Scanning Radiometers?

A

+/- 0.3 Deg C

23
Q

What do you need for Along Track Scanning Radiometers?

A

30-Year Running Means

24
Q

What is Synthetic Aperture Radar used for?

A

Measuring surface roughness

25
Q

Give 7 applications of Synthetic Aperture Radar

A
  1. Surface Waves and Swell
  2. Circulations
  3. Internal Waves
  4. Coastal Topography
  5. Upwelling/Fronts
  6. Coastal Watch
  7. Ice Extent/Habitat Loss
26
Q

What is an Altimeter?

A

A sensor that orbits on Polar Orbital satellites and sends high frequency radar pulses which are used to calculate satellite to surface height

27
Q

What is the name of the joint USA/European SLR programme?

A

Jason-2

28
Q

What is SEAWIFS?

A

Sea viewing Wide Field of View Sensor – it is a satellite/colour optical sensor with 1.13km resolution

29
Q

At what rate can SEAWIFS collect data compared to traditional sampling techniques?

A

1-minute can collect as much as traditional sampling for 10-years

30
Q

Give 3 applications of SEAWIFS

A
  1. Identifying Phytoplankton Blooms
  2. Deriving Shallow Water Depths
  3. Coral Reef Research
31
Q

Give 3 points above Microwave Sounding Data

A
  1. Derived Atmospheric Soundings are used
  2. Senses radiation from water vapour and CO2
  3. Looks at upper level temperature/humidity and wind fields
32
Q

Give 10 issues associated with the use of satellites

A
  1. Need Ground-Truthing
  2. Attenuation
  3. Cloud Cover
  4. Darkness
  5. SAR quality reduces with poor sea state
  6. Satellite pass isn’t always where it is needed
  7. Satiability/calibrations?
  8. Platform/Sensor failure
  9. V.high costs
  10. Limited to the top levels of the oceans
33
Q

Give 9 satellite applications/uses

A
  1. Modelling
  2. Ocean Winds
  3. Ocean Temperatures
  4. Ocean Colour
  5. Ozone/CO2 Monitoring
  6. Ice Coverage
  7. Derived Atmospheric Soundings
  8. Altimeter Sea Heights
  9. Visual Analysis

Applications of Marine Science (7 decks)

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