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Applications of Marine Science > L3 - Marine Science Organisations > Flashcards

L3 - Marine Science Organisations Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of Research and how do they differ?

A
  1. Systematic
  2. Opportunity

Systematic is a planned survey with a research vessel which is mobbed and de-mobbed whereas an opportunistic survey is only semi-planned and often conducted on commercial or leisure vessels.

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2
Q

Give an example of an opportunistic survey?

A

Guiding Light collecting data for the UK Met Office

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3
Q

What are Voluntary Observing Fleets?

A

Merchant ships with trained observers on-board that are provided with instrumentation by their national met offices in order to collect data

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4
Q

Who is responsible for the data from a Voluntary Observing Fleets?

A

The Flag State

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5
Q

How many Voluntary Observing Fleets are their globally and in the UK?

A

Globally – 4000 ships

UK – 500 ships/rigs

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6
Q

How many observations does the US’s NCDC receive from VoF?

A

100,000

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7
Q

Under Voluntary Observing Fleets what else do nations have responsibility for?

A

To comply with SOLAS

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8
Q

What is the WMO?

A

World Metrological Organisation (a full UN Body)

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9
Q

When was the WMO set up?

A

1947

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10
Q

What 6 things does the WMO facilitate?

A
  1. Standardisation
  2. Data Exchange and Telecommunications
  3. Research
  4. The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)
  5. Marine Meteorology and Oceanography Programme (MMOP)
  6. Links with SOLAS and GMDSS
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11
Q

What is the IOC?

A

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (an agency of UNESCO)

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12
Q

When was the IOC set up?

A

1960

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13
Q

What does the IOC promote?

A

Marine scientific investigations and related ocean services with a view to learning more about the nature and resources of the ocean

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14
Q

Give 4 areas of work that the IOC does

A
  1. Develop, promote & facilitate research
  2. Plans for operational ocean observing system
  3. Ensures ocean data is widely and efficiency available
  4. Environmental Management (New Work Here)
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15
Q

What is GOOS?

A

The Global Ocean Observing Network – an IOC initiative

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16
Q

What is IODE?

A

International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange Project

17
Q

Give 4 joint IOC/WMO initiatives

A
  1. WCRP: World Climate Research Programme
  2. WOCE: World Ocean Circulation Experiment (now ended)
  3. CLIVAR: Climate Variation Programme
  4. JCOMM: Joint Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology
18
Q

Give 3 areas where Coastal Observatories are used?

A
  1. Liverpool Bay
  2. Western English Channel
  3. UK Waters through the Smart Wave Rider Buoys (CEFAS)
19
Q

What do Deep Ocean Observatories aim to do?

A

Collect data below 45cm

20
Q

What is metadata?

A

Data that provides information about other data

21
Q

Give 5 issues associated with databasing

A
  1. Are we all measuring the same thing? (Standardisation)
  2. Reliability of stations (short & long term)
  3. Time standards? - is UTC used?
  4. Breaks in the Data Sets
  5. Data vs. no data? (only data you have?!)
22
Q

Give 5 databases

A
  1. BODC
  2. BADC
  3. NODV via NOAA (USA)
  4. UK marine environmental data network
  5. ECMWF: european centre for mean range weather forecasting
23
Q

Give 2 UK companies with archives

A
  1. Met Office

2. UKHO

24
Q

What is data assimilation?

A

The use of available data for modelling

25
Q

What is parametrisation?

A

Modelling without actual data

26
Q

Where is there a lack of data?

A

In the upper air

27
Q

What is the 3D ocean issue?

A

We primarily focus on the surface

28
Q

What does the UKCP09 do?

A

Provide up-to-date climatic trends, predictions to 2100 and emission scenarios at Low, Medium and High Levels for the UK

29
Q

Give 3 trends that have recently been established by the UKCP09

A
  1. UK Sea Level is increasing by 1mm/year in the 20th Century
  2. There have been increases in winter precipitation
  3. More storms in the last 20 years
30
Q

Give 7 applications/uses of marine data

A
  1. Aviation
  2. Shipping (SOLAS) & GMDSS
  3. Civil Hydrography Programme
  4. Renewable Energy
  5. Marine Management & Conservation
  6. UKCP09 Predictions
  7. Salvage Operatios (e.g. Costa Concordia)

Applications of Marine Science (7 decks)

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