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CRR NEW > L4- blood cells and disorders > Flashcards

L4- blood cells and disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of liquid connective tissue?

A

supports, connects and seperates different tissues

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2
Q

what is extracellular matrix called

A

plasma

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3
Q

what are the 3 functions of the blood

A

transport
regulation
protection

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4
Q

what does blood transport?

A

dissolved gasses,hormones,nutrients,heat and waste

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5
Q

what does blood help regulate?

A

pH buffers, temperature, osmosis

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6
Q

how does blood protect the body?

A

clot, contains WBC’s, antibodies, interferons and other proteins

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7
Q

compare blood and water

A

blood is denser and more viscous than water

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8
Q

is blood acidic or alkaline?

A

slightly alkaline

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9
Q

what colour is blood when saturated with oxygen?

A

bright red

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10
Q

what colour is blood when unsaturated?

A

dark red

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11
Q

what percentage of body mass is blood?

A

8%

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12
Q

how many litres of blood does the body contain?

A

4-6 litres depending on gender and size

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13
Q

what is blood volume and osmotic pressure regulated by?

A

hormones

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14
Q

what hormones regulate blood volume and osmotic pressure?

A

aldosterone,ADH,anti natriuretic peptide

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15
Q

how is blood sampled?

A

by venepuncture with a torniquet

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16
Q

give examples of formed elements

A

RBC’s
platelets
WBC’s

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17
Q

give examples of granular leuckocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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18
Q

give examples of agranular leuckocytes

A

T and B lymphocytes

monocytes

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19
Q

what is haematocrit?

A

volume of red blodd cells to the total volume of blood

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20
Q

what causes red blood cell production?

A

erythropoietin

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21
Q

what is anaemia?

A

deficiency of RBC’s

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22
Q

what is polycythemia?

A

heamocrit level is elevated

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23
Q

what does polycythemia cause?

A

increased viscosity increases resistance,heart works harder. increase blood pressure and stroke risk

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24
Q

what does polycythemia lead to?

A

improper RBC production, tissue hypoxia, dehydration and blood doping

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25
how long do most formed elements last?
hours, days, weeks
26
how long do some lymphocytes last?
years
27
what controls RBC and platelet number?
negative feedback
28
when does the number of WBCs vary?
with infections
29
what does heamopoeisis mean?
formation of blood cells
30
where does heamopiesis occur?
in red bone marrow
31
what type of marrow is found in new borns
red and is converted into yellow over time
32
when can yellow marrow turn into red marrow?
under trauma
33
what does red bone marrow contain?
pluripotent stem cells
34
what is a bone marrow exam used to diagnose?
disorders such as leukaemia
35
what is looked at during a bone marrow exam?
morphology granularity nuclear defects counts
36
what do pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow produce?
myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
37
where do myeloid stem cells develop?
in the RBM
38
what do myeloid stem cells give rise to?
platelets, RBC, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
39
where do lymphoid stem cells develop and end?
begin to develop in the RBM but end in lymphatic tissues
40
what do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?
lymphocytes
41
what is the lymphatic system?
a network of small vessels which carry lymph
42
what does lymph fluid carry?
waste products around your body, cells that are a part of your immune system
43
where do lymph vessels take fluid to?
to lymph nodes
44
what do some myeloid stem cells differentiate into?
progenitor cells
45
what do lymphoid stem cells develop into?
precursor cells
46
can progenitor cells reproduce?
no, they are committed to forming their designated cell type
47
what do precursor cells (blasts) develop into?
formed elements of blood
48
what are the medical uses of haemopoietic growth factors?
recombinant growth factors erythropoietin for kidney disease granulocyte CSF for WBC formation after chemotherapy thrombopoietin for chemotherapy, clotting and neonatal disorders
49
what do erythrocytes contain?
oxygen carrying haemoglobin
50
how many RBCs does the body produce per second?
2 million
51
how many RBCs does the blood contain per µl?
5 million
52
what is the structure of a RBC?
no nucleus or mitochondria, anaerobic respiration only, flexible, bi-concave
53
how much of the body's CO2 bind to AAs of globulin molecule?
23%
54
what does carboamino haemoglobin bind and carry?
NO for vasodilation and thrombotic control
55
what does carbonic anhydrase create?
carbonic acid
56
what does carbonic acid dissociate into?
bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
57
Why are bicarbonate ions important?
for buffer control and plasma to carry CO2
58
how much oxygen does an adult use per minute?
0.25L
59
is oxygen water soluble?
not particularly
60
how many haemoglobin molecules are there per RBC?
280 million
61
what shape is the oxygen dissociation curve?
sigmoidal
62
does the blood in the lungs become more acid or alkaline?
alkaline
63
why does the blood in the lungs become more alkaline?
due to loss in carbonic acid
64
what affect does CO2 diffusing into the capillaries have on the dissociation curve?
shifts to the right
65
what effect does exercise have on the body?
creates acidic conditions due to lactic acid, creates the Bohr effect
66
do RBCs easily damage?
yes
67
why do RBC easily damage?
contains no nucleus or other organelles so cannot synthesise proteins for repair
68
what happens if the RBC plasma membrane becomes fragile?
they may burst
69
how are ruptured RBC removed?
by fixed macrophages
70
what happens to the contents of RBCs?
they are recycled
71
after RBC death what is released?
globin. heme
72
what happens to globin in the RBC lifecycle?
it is converted to amino acids which are reused for protein synthesis
73
what happens to heme in the RBC lifecycle?
it is converted to biliverdin
74
what is biliverdin converted into?
bilirubin
75
what happens to bilirubin in the RBC lifecycle?
it is converted into iron or urobilinogen which is excreted in the urine as urobilin
76
what happens if there is an iron overload in the body?
Fe2+ and Fe3+ binds to damaged cells and causes tissue damage
77
does plasma contain free iron?
no
78
what is erythropoiesis?
the production of RBCs
79
what happens if erythropoiesis doesn't keep up doesn't keep up with the RBC demand?
can lead to hypoxia
80
why isn't the RBC demand always maintained?
due to anemia or dietary deficiencies, can be caused by circulatory problems
81
what is blood doping?
injection of oxygenated blood into an athlete
82
what is injected in blood doping?
epoetin alfa
83
what is the function of WBCs?
fight infection
84
which WBCs leave the blood and don't return?
granular leukocytes and monocytes
85
which WBCs are important for phagocytosis?
neutrophils and macrophages
86
why are WBCs recruited by?
chemotaxis
87
what do WBCs contain?
lysosome, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, strong oxidants and defensins
88
what do eosinophils release?
histaminase
89
what do basophils release?
heparin, histamine and serotonin
90
what is the major WBC for immunity?
lymphocytes
91
where do lymphocytes circulate?
2% in the blood, rest in lymphatic fluid
92
what are mast cells?
basophils which have migrated to tissue
93
what do mast cells play a role in?
in inflammatory processes
94
give examples of what B cells attack
bacteria and toxins
95
give examples of what T cells attack
viruses, fungi, transplanted cells and cancer cells
96
give examples of what natural killer cells attack
wide variety of microbes and some cancers

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