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CRR NEW > L4- blood cells and disorders > Flashcards

L4- blood cells and disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of liquid connective tissue?

A

supports, connects and seperates different tissues

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2
Q

what is extracellular matrix called

A

plasma

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3
Q

what are the 3 functions of the blood

A

transport
regulation
protection

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4
Q

what does blood transport?

A

dissolved gasses,hormones,nutrients,heat and waste

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5
Q

what does blood help regulate?

A

pH buffers, temperature, osmosis

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6
Q

how does blood protect the body?

A

clot, contains WBC’s, antibodies, interferons and other proteins

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7
Q

compare blood and water

A

blood is denser and more viscous than water

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8
Q

is blood acidic or alkaline?

A

slightly alkaline

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9
Q

what colour is blood when saturated with oxygen?

A

bright red

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10
Q

what colour is blood when unsaturated?

A

dark red

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11
Q

what percentage of body mass is blood?

A

8%

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12
Q

how many litres of blood does the body contain?

A

4-6 litres depending on gender and size

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13
Q

what is blood volume and osmotic pressure regulated by?

A

hormones

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14
Q

what hormones regulate blood volume and osmotic pressure?

A

aldosterone,ADH,anti natriuretic peptide

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15
Q

how is blood sampled?

A

by venepuncture with a torniquet

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16
Q

give examples of formed elements

A

RBC’s
platelets
WBC’s

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17
Q

give examples of granular leuckocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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18
Q

give examples of agranular leuckocytes

A

T and B lymphocytes

monocytes

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19
Q

what is haematocrit?

A

volume of red blodd cells to the total volume of blood

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20
Q

what causes red blood cell production?

A

erythropoietin

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21
Q

what is anaemia?

A

deficiency of RBC’s

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22
Q

what is polycythemia?

A

heamocrit level is elevated

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23
Q

what does polycythemia cause?

A

increased viscosity increases resistance,heart works harder. increase blood pressure and stroke risk

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24
Q

what does polycythemia lead to?

A

improper RBC production, tissue hypoxia, dehydration and blood doping

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25
Q

how long do most formed elements last?

A

hours, days, weeks

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26
Q

how long do some lymphocytes last?

A

years

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27
Q

what controls RBC and platelet number?

A

negative feedback

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28
Q

when does the number of WBCs vary?

A

with infections

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29
Q

what does heamopoeisis mean?

A

formation of blood cells

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30
Q

where does heamopiesis occur?

A

in red bone marrow

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31
Q

what type of marrow is found in new borns

A

red and is converted into yellow over time

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32
Q

when can yellow marrow turn into red marrow?

A

under trauma

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33
Q

what does red bone marrow contain?

A

pluripotent stem cells

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34
Q

what is a bone marrow exam used to diagnose?

A

disorders such as leukaemia

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35
Q

what is looked at during a bone marrow exam?

A

morphology
granularity
nuclear defects
counts

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36
Q

what do pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow produce?

A

myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

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37
Q

where do myeloid stem cells develop?

A

in the RBM

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38
Q

what do myeloid stem cells give rise to?

A

platelets, RBC, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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39
Q

where do lymphoid stem cells develop and end?

A

begin to develop in the RBM but end in lymphatic tissues

40
Q

what do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

lymphocytes

41
Q

what is the lymphatic system?

A

a network of small vessels which carry lymph

42
Q

what does lymph fluid carry?

A

waste products around your body, cells that are a part of your immune system

43
Q

where do lymph vessels take fluid to?

A

to lymph nodes

44
Q

what do some myeloid stem cells differentiate into?

A

progenitor cells

45
Q

what do lymphoid stem cells develop into?

A

precursor cells

46
Q

can progenitor cells reproduce?

A

no, they are committed to forming their designated cell type

47
Q

what do precursor cells (blasts) develop into?

A

formed elements of blood

48
Q

what are the medical uses of haemopoietic growth factors?

A

recombinant growth factors erythropoietin for kidney disease
granulocyte CSF for WBC formation after chemotherapy
thrombopoietin for chemotherapy, clotting and neonatal disorders

49
Q

what do erythrocytes contain?

A

oxygen carrying haemoglobin

50
Q

how many RBCs does the body produce per second?

51
Q

how many RBCs does the blood contain per µl?

52
Q

what is the structure of a RBC?

A

no nucleus or mitochondria, anaerobic respiration only, flexible, bi-concave

53
Q

how much of the body’s CO2 bind to AAs of globulin molecule?

54
Q

what does carboamino haemoglobin bind and carry?

A

NO for vasodilation and thrombotic control

55
Q

what does carbonic anhydrase create?

A

carbonic acid

56
Q

what does carbonic acid dissociate into?

A

bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

57
Q

Why are bicarbonate ions important?

A

for buffer control and plasma to carry CO2

58
Q

how much oxygen does an adult use per minute?

59
Q

is oxygen water soluble?

A

not particularly

60
Q

how many haemoglobin molecules are there per RBC?

A

280 million

61
Q

what shape is the oxygen dissociation curve?

62
Q

does the blood in the lungs become more acid or alkaline?

63
Q

why does the blood in the lungs become more alkaline?

A

due to loss in carbonic acid

64
Q

what affect does CO2 diffusing into the capillaries have on the dissociation curve?

A

shifts to the right

65
Q

what effect does exercise have on the body?

A

creates acidic conditions due to lactic acid, creates the Bohr effect

66
Q

do RBCs easily damage?

67
Q

why do RBC easily damage?

A

contains no nucleus or other organelles so cannot synthesise proteins for repair

68
Q

what happens if the RBC plasma membrane becomes fragile?

A

they may burst

69
Q

how are ruptured RBC removed?

A

by fixed macrophages

70
Q

what happens to the contents of RBCs?

A

they are recycled

71
Q

after RBC death what is released?

A

globin. heme

72
Q

what happens to globin in the RBC lifecycle?

A

it is converted to amino acids which are reused for protein synthesis

73
Q

what happens to heme in the RBC lifecycle?

A

it is converted to biliverdin

74
Q

what is biliverdin converted into?

75
Q

what happens to bilirubin in the RBC lifecycle?

A

it is converted into iron or urobilinogen which is excreted in the urine as urobilin

76
Q

what happens if there is an iron overload in the body?

A

Fe2+ and Fe3+ binds to damaged cells and causes tissue damage

77
Q

does plasma contain free iron?

78
Q

what is erythropoiesis?

A

the production of RBCs

79
Q

what happens if erythropoiesis doesn’t keep up doesn’t keep up with the RBC demand?

A

can lead to hypoxia

80
Q

why isn’t the RBC demand always maintained?

A

due to anemia or dietary deficiencies, can be caused by circulatory problems

81
Q

what is blood doping?

A

injection of oxygenated blood into an athlete

82
Q

what is injected in blood doping?

A

epoetin alfa

83
Q

what is the function of WBCs?

A

fight infection

84
Q

which WBCs leave the blood and don’t return?

A

granular leukocytes and monocytes

85
Q

which WBCs are important for phagocytosis?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

86
Q

why are WBCs recruited by?

A

chemotaxis

87
Q

what do WBCs contain?

A

lysosome, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, strong oxidants and defensins

88
Q

what do eosinophils release?

A

histaminase

89
Q

what do basophils release?

A

heparin, histamine and serotonin

90
Q

what is the major WBC for immunity?

A

lymphocytes

91
Q

where do lymphocytes circulate?

A

2% in the blood, rest in lymphatic fluid

92
Q

what are mast cells?

A

basophils which have migrated to tissue

93
Q

what do mast cells play a role in?

A

in inflammatory processes

94
Q

give examples of what B cells attack

A

bacteria and toxins

95
Q

give examples of what T cells attack

A

viruses, fungi, transplanted cells and cancer cells

96
Q

give examples of what natural killer cells attack

A

wide variety of microbes and some cancers

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