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CRR NEW > L2-ventilation and lung mechanics > Flashcards

L2-ventilation and lung mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

what do the muscles of respiration include?

A

the diaphragm, muscles of inspiration and expiration

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2
Q

what is the structure of the diaphragm

A

a large dome shaped muscle upon which the lungs rest

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3
Q

where does the diaphragm arise from

A

lateral and posterior walls of the body cavity

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4
Q

what happens to the muscles of respiration during inspiration

A

contractions of the diaphragm are combined with contractions of muscles associated with an elevation of the ribs

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5
Q

what happens to the muscles of respiration during expiration

A

the muscles associated with inspiration relax and the elastic properties of the lungs promotes a return to the resting volume

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6
Q

what is required for air to flow in and out of the lungs

A

there has to be an associated pressure difference between the internal environment of the lungs and the external environment

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7
Q

what can the movement of the air in the lungs be compared to

A

the flow of fluids in tubes

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8
Q

how can you calculate the flow rate

A

F= (P1-P2)/R
P1=the pressure at point P1
P2= the pressure at point P2
R=the resistance to flow

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9
Q

what can be used to describe the pressure in the alveoli

A

boyles law

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10
Q

what does boyles law state

A

pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume

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11
Q

what equation is used to describe the relationship of boyles law

A 
P=nRT/V
P=pressure
n=number of moles of gas
R=gas constant
T=absolute temperature (degrees kelvin)
V=volume
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12
Q

what are the 2 possible reasons for collapse of the lungs

A

elastic recoil

surface tension

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13
Q

what is elastic recoil?

A

based upon the elastic properties of the alveolar walls

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14
Q

what is surface tension?

A

formation of the droplets in the alveoli can cause the alveolar membranes to be drawn together resulting in alveolar collapse

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15
Q

how is collapse of the lungs prevented

A

combination of surfactant and intrapleural pressure

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16
Q

what is surfactent

A

a mixture of lipoproteins

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17
Q

where is surfactant secreted from

A

surfactant is secreted by the alveolar epithelium

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18
Q

what is the attractive force produced by surface tension with surfactant present

A

4mm Hg

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19
Q

what is the attractive force produced by surface tension without surfactant

A

between 20-30 mm Hg

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20
Q

what else does intrapleural pressure help

A

prevention of alveolar collapse

21
Q

what happens to intrapleural pressure during expiration

A

will drop to about 2 mm Hg below atmospheric pressure (atmospheric pressure=760mm Hg)

22
Q

when does elastic recoil stop

A

elastic recoil stops as it comes to balance with the negative intrapleural pressure

23
Q

what is the compliance of the lungs and thorax

A

the ability to expand

24
Q

how is the compliance of the lungs and thorax measured

A

measured in terms of the increased lung volume per unit of pressure change in intrapulmonary pressure

25
Q

how is compliance expressed

A

expressed as litres per cm of water (L/cm)

26
Q

what is the normal compliance of lungs and thorax

A

0.13L/cm

27
Q

what happens when intrapulmonary pressure increases

A

for every 1cm increase in intrapulmonary pressure, the lungs volume will increase by 0.13L

28
Q

how is the flow of air into and out of the lungs measured

A

spirometer

29
Q

what can be examined for air flow

A

pulmonary volumes

pulmonary capacities

30
Q

what is tidal volume

A

volume of air that passes into and out of the lungs during normal inspiration and expiration (500ml)

31
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

the amount of air that can be inspired on top of the tidal volume (3000ml)

32
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume

A

the volume of air that can be exhaled forcefully (1100ml)

33
Q

what is the typical residual volume

A

1200ml

34
Q

what are the pulmonary capacities

A

measure of 2 or more pulmonary volumes combined

35
Q

what is the normal inspiratory capacity

A

3500ml

36
Q

what is the functional residual capacity

A

provides a measure of the total amount of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration

37
Q

what is the typical functional residual capacity

A

2300ml

38
Q

what is vital capacity

A

the total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration

39
Q

what is the typical vital capacity

A

4600ml

40
Q

what other measurement is included in pulmonary capacities

A

the total lung capacity

41
Q

what is the minute respiratory volume

A

a measure of the total volume of air that passes through the respiratory system per minute

42
Q

what is the minute respiratory volume in a normal healthy individual

A

about 6L

43
Q

what is dead air space

A

the regions of the respiratory system where gas exchange does not occur

44
Q

what are the 2 types of dead space

A

anatomical and phsiological

45
Q

what is the anatomical dead air space?

A

volume taken up by the nasal cavities to the terminal bronchioles

46
Q

what is the typical volume of the anatomical dead air space

A

about 150ml

47
Q

what is the physiological dead air space

A

anatomical dead air space and the volume of non functional alveoli

48
Q

what is the alveolar ventilation rate

A

the volume of air available for gas exchange per minute

49
Q

how is the alveolar ventilation rate (AVR) calculated

A

AVR=RR(TV-DAS)
RR= respiratory rate (breaths/min)
TV= tidal volume (ml/respiration)
DAS= dead air space (ml/respiration)

CRR NEW (6 decks)

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