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PS2027 - Social Psychology > L4 - Attributions > Flashcards

L4 - Attributions Flashcards

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1
Q

What causes our and others behaviour?

A

Causal attribution is construal = your representation of what happens = has individual differences

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2
Q

How do we predict how people behave and control behaviours and situations?

A
  • Knowledge of the person’s past
  • Socialisation of context
  • Anticipate the future
  • Influence outcome
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3
Q

What do attributions do?

A
  • Assign praise/blame
  • Positive/negative behaviours
  • Un/Desirable outcomes for ourselves or others
  • Reward or punishment behaviour
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4
Q

What are internal attributions?

A
  • Disposition
    • Mood
    • Choice
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5
Q

What are external attributions?

A
  • Pressures of the situation
  • We need to assess the relative contribution of internal/external factors in our behaviour
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6
Q

What is an explanatory style with attributions?

A
  • Habitual way of explaining events
  • Internal/external cause and locus of control
  • Stable/unstable in time: is it present in the past or likely in the future
  • Global/specific across context
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7
Q

What are the negative explanatory style?

A
  • Pessimistic style
  • Where it is internal, stable and global
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8
Q

What are the optimistic style?

A

External, unstable and specific

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9
Q

What is the explanatory process?

A
  • Process for explaining explaining behaviours
  • Is behaviour specific to the person and is it dispositonal
  • If most people behave like that = situational
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10
Q

What is the covariation principle?

A
  • What is present when behaviour occurs
  • What is absent when behaviour does not occur?
  • Consensus, distinctiveness and consistency
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11
Q

What is consensus?

A
  • Are most people’s behaviours similar in certain situations
  • Or is the person’s behaviour different
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12
Q

What is distinctiveness?

A
  • What does this person do in most situations
  • Is this behaviour unique to a given situation or common to all situations
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13
Q

What is consistency?

A

What does the person most often do in this situation? Is it typical of them

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14
Q

What is the discounting principle?

A
  • Multiple plausible causes of same behaviour diminishes attribution to given cause
  • Any number of factors to describe someone’s behaviour (because of)
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15
Q

What is augmenting principle?

A
  • Multiple plausible causes of different behaviour enhances attribution to one cause (in spite of)
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16
Q

What is the self-serving attribution bias?

A
  • Maintain a sense of self-worth and efficacy
  • In spite of failed successes, guilt, shame, failure
17
Q

What do we do with our successes?

A
  • Internalise successes and laudable behaviours
  • Externalise our failures and shameful behaviours
18
Q

What was the study on self-serving bias?

A
  • Newspaper accounts of athletes attributions after victory/defeat
  • Coded for internal/external attributions
  • Victory = more internal, Loss = more external
19
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A
  • Problem of social cognition
  • Where we attribute behaviour to internal qualities e.g personality and choice
  • In spite of obvious situational forces
20
Q

What was a study for fundamental attribution error?

A
  • Assigned to questioner or contestant
  • Questioner makes up questions that they know the answer to and contestants answer
  • You rate the participants ‘knowledge’
  • Only the questioner takes the situation into account
21
Q

What is the Just World Hypothesis?

A
  • People get what they deserve where you assign praise and blame
  • Outcomes are due to internal qualities where you blame and derogate victims even with past life karma
22
Q

What is the role of system 1 in fundamental attribution error?

A
  • Perceptual silence: people capture our attention
  • Is simpler and more salient than surroundings
  • Customs and norms are invisible
23
Q

What is an example of the role of system 1 in fundamental attribution error?

A
  • Ppts viewed video of anxious woman
  • Assigned to anxiety inducing condition or innocuous topics
  • Assigned to Cognitive load or no cognitive load
  • Asked is she an anxious person?
  • Load enforced FAE
24
Q

What is the Actor-observer effect?

A
  • Actors: see the situation and generally make situational attributions for behaviours
  • Observers: see the person - make internal attributions for behaviour
  • Blame: who is responsible for marital fights
  • No blame: Why did one pick a psychology major?
  • Cant take their internal factors for granted
25
Q

What is differential knowledge between actors and observers?

A
  • Actors know their internal intentions and can take them for granted
  • They know how typical their behaviour was and how distinctive they are when making that attribution.

PS2027 - Social Psychology (18 decks)

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