L12 - Intergroup Relations Flashcards
1
Q
What are the dual process models of social cognition?
A
- Social info can be processed In different ways
- Automatic: unintentional, effortless, outside conscious awareness
- Controlled: intentional, effortful, within conscious awareness
- Implicit vs explicit stereotypes and prejudice
2
Q
Why are explicit measures not always reliable?
A
- Social desirability/ impression management concerns
- Prejudice and stereotypes can be hidden
- To measure implicit automatic stereotypes and prejudice: IAT
3
Q
What was early evidence with explicit measures?
A
- Don’t correlate highly with behaviour discrimination
- Measure of racially prejudiced attitudes given to 250 white college students
- 23 highest and lowest scoring participants selected
- Had a behavioural measure: willingness to be photographed with a black person of opposite sex, photographic release form from 0-7
- Correlation between attitudes and behaviour was 0.4, shows unpredictability esp with instruments to detect prejudice
4
Q
What was an exp showing the IAT with prejudice?
A
- Black vs white, Pleasant vs unpleasant, White/pleasant & Black/unpleasant, Black vs white, Black/Pleasant & White/Unpleasant
- Compare Reaction times for block 3&5
5
Q
What is good about implicit measures?
A
- Provides new insights in stereotypes and prejudice
- Shows automatic and uncontrolled processes
- Demonstrates people have subtle stereotypes or prejudices they would deny having
6
Q
What is critical evaluation of implicit measures?
A
- Measures automatic associations
- Results are not always consistent between measures or over time
- Measures can be influenced by context
- Small effects for predictive behaviour
7
Q
What was a study for Automatic Object Recognition?
A
- White ppts had to identify had tools and handguns
- Each photo preceded by a white/black face
- Faster to detect handgun when preceded by black face, faster to detect hand-tool when preceded by a white face
- STUDY UPGRADE: 4 types of target stimuli: positive/negative, related to stereotype/not
- Faster recognition of stereotypical item, positive and negative
8
Q
What was a study? (Video game)
A
- Ppts have to shoot when someone has a gun in hand (game)
- False alarms: mistake on unarmed trial, ppts did so more often for black targets rather than white targets
- Misses: mistake on armed individual, ppts did more for white target than black target
- Effects were pronounced when the background is threatening as black people have more stereotypically African features.
- Study replicates with black participants or when targets wear Islamic head covering
9
Q
What was a study that compared implicit/explicit measures?
A
- White ppts measured for implicit/explicit attitudes toward Black people
- Interacted with a white/black student
- Verbal and non-verbal friendliness during interactions coded through audiotapes/videotapes
- Explicit measures predicted verbal friendliness but not non-verbal friendliness
- Implicit measures predicted non-verbal friendliness (automatic behaviour) BUT not verbal friendliness
10
Q
What did Devine do?
A
- Dissociation model of stereotyping where automatic and controlled components of stereotypes and prejudice
- Knowledge about stereotypes is culturally shared
- Activation is automatic
- However automatic activation of stereotypes does not inevitably lead to a stereotypical or prejudiced responding or discrimination: low prejudiced people engage in controlled processes to inhibit automatic stereotypes
11
Q
What was Devine’s first study? (Knowledge of Stereotypes)
A
- Measured levels of prejudice with modern racism scale
- Ppts listed knowledge of content of cultural stereotypes regardless of personal beliefs
- RESULTS: few differences between individuals high and low in prejudice, BUT most common theme was hostility and aggression SO knowledge of stereotypes is independent of prejudice
12
Q
What was Devine’s second study? (Activation of Stereotypes is automatic)
A
- Measured levels of prejudice with Modern racism scale
- Ppts were flashed words outside of their direct line of vision, some words related to stereotypes, some neutral
- Proportion of stereotype-related words differed between subjects e.g 80-20%
- Then ppts read a scenario describing ambiguous hostile behaviour
- Ppts who saw a high proportion of stereotype words rated person as more hostile, TRUE for ppts high and low in prejudice
- Activation of stereotypes is automatic
13
Q
What was Devine’s third study? (Activation of stereotypes can be overcome)
A
- Measured levels of prejudice with Modern racism scale
- Ppts listed as many alternative labels as possible for black Americans
- Ppts listed their honest thoughts under anonymous conditions
- No difference in proportion of derogatory labels
- Ppts high in prejudice listen more negative traits, ppts low in prejudice listed more positive beliefs
- Automatic stereotypes cannot be overcome but activation can
14
Q
What are Group level explanations?
A
- Economic perspective: Robbers Cave Study & Realistic group conflict theory
- Motivational perspective: Minimal Group Paradigm & Social Identity Theory
15
Q
What was the Robbers Cave Study?
A
- Summer camp in 1954 with 22 11-yo-boys split into 2 groups
- Average in nearly every aspect e.g intact families, no problems with school, similar education and socio-economic backgrounds & no ethnic differences
- No prior history for intergroup hostility
- Competition for goals that only one can achieve is sufficient for intergroup hostility through zero-sum conflict and negative interdependence
- Competition against outsiders increases ingroup cohesion
