L4 anatomy- general myology

Question 1

locomotor apparatus

Answer 1

consists of the movement of the skeletal, articular and muscular systems. they are grouped in accordance to the major divisions of the body.

Question 2

muscular system

Answer 2

formed, in association with the articular and skeletal systems where it corresponds to the movement of the locomotor apparatus

Question 3

myology

Answer 3

study of muscles

Question 4

cardiac muscle

Answer 4

• striated - highly vascularised - involuntary (autonomic nervous system) - 1 nucleus - intercalated disks - forms the cardiac wall in assoc. with C.T. and nervous tissue

Question 5

skeletal muscle

Answer 5

• voluntary movement (somatic nervous system) - striated (rough) - multinucleated

Question 6

smooth muscle

Answer 6

located (walls of GIT, airways, urogenital tracts, part of viscera/vessel wall) - involuntary movement (autonomic nervous system) - lack of striations (no sarcomeres)

Question 7

endomysium

Answer 7

surrounds individual cells

Question 8

perimysium

Answer 8

surrounds muscle bundles

Question 9

epimysium

Answer 9

surrounds entire muscle

Question 10

structure of muscles

Answer 10

epimysium–> perimysium–> endomysium–> elementary bundle–> myofibers–> myofibrils–> myofilaments–> sarcomeres–> myosin/ actin

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Question 11

contracted muscle

Answer 11

summation of shortened sarcomere defines the degree of contraction and strength of contraction.

Question 12

tendon

Answer 12

connects muscle to bone (periosteum)

• appearance: pearly white and strong fibrous rope
• trasmits the remote action of a fleshy muscle
• not stretchable

Question 13

bursa

Answer 13

synovial vesicular cavities

• allows shifting/ sliding of a mobile organ on a surface

Question 14

synovial bursa

Answer 14

• forms a cavity (sparse and stringy liquid)
• no synovial membrane (but fibrous sheath)
  function: prevent friction b/t bone and tendon - allows sliding and movement

Question 15

tendinous sheath

Answer 15

• canal/tunnel of C.T that allows the passage of 1 or more tendons
• reduce friction and allow sliding
• consists of bony/ ligamentous/ fibrocartilage surface–> supplemented by a C.T wall

Question 16

synovial vagina/ sheath

Answer 16

• faciliates the tendons passage through a tendinous sheath
• surrounds and wraps the tendon- liquid inside secreted by membrane

Question 17

tendinous recess

Answer 17

• located at synovial vagina
• develops where tendionous sheath is thin or absent
• its dropsy is not pathological - can indicate tendinous trouble

Question 18

fascia

Answer 18

fibrous layer of superimposed C.T layers

1. aponeurosis: of insertion; broad flat tendon
2. coating fascia: spread on surface of muscle fleshy bodies

• surrounds some muscle groups to canalise their contraction

Question 19

retinaculum

Answer 19

transverse reinforcement of some tendinous sheats

• aligned on the same plane
  e. g. extensor retinaculum