L2 anatomy- general osteology

Question 1

locomotor apparatus

Answer 1

consists of the movement of the skeletal, articular and muscular systems where they are grouped according to the major divisions of the body- trunk, head, forelimb and hindlimb

Question 2

skeletal system

Answer 2

a part of the locomotor apparatus that is applied to the framework of hard structures which support and protect soft tissues.

Question 3

osteology

Answer 3

study of bones

Question 4

axial skeleton

Answer 4

consists of bones of the skull, hyoid apparatus, cartilages of the larynx and bones of the vertebral column, rubs and sternum
(Skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum.)

Question 5

appendicular skeleton

Answer 5

includes the bones of the thoracic girdle and forelimb, and pelvic girdle and hindlimb

Question 6

long bone

Answer 6

• elongated and cylindrical in shape.
• The shaft is tubular and encloses the medullary cavity, which contains the medulla or bone marrow.
• has one dimension that outweighs the others
• epiphysis on outer edges and diaphysis in the middle
• occur in the limbs- humerus, femur, radius

Question 7

flat bone

Answer 7

• thick and plate- like
• two plates of compact bone separated by spongy bone and marrow
• for protection of vital organs
• expanded substrate for muscle attachment
• has 2 dimensions that outweigh the third

Question 8

short bone

Answer 8

• has 3 dimensions that are approximately equal
• no marrow cavity
• for shock absorption during locomotion
• carpal, tarsal and patella bones

Question 9

irregular bone

Answer 9

• short bones with irregular shape
• unpaired
• protection of spinal cord
• for support
• muscle attachment
  e. g. bones of vertebral column and cranial base (atlas, axis)

Question 10

compact bones

Answer 10

• outer bone
• forms hard outer shell of bones
• dense
• low porosity

Question 11

spongy/ cancellous bones

Answer 11

• inner bone
• bulls of short bones and extremities of long bones
• contains bone marrow
• low density
• high porosity

Question 12

periosteum

Answer 12

thick membrane covering the outer surface of bone

- its deep layer is able to produce bone

Question 13

fetal/ red marrow

Answer 13

• hematogenic/ hemopoietic- blood forming
• richly vascularised
• gelatinous tissue
• persists in adult vertebral bodies, skull base, sternum, ribs and long bones.

Question 14

yellow marrow

Answer 14

• waxy
• hemopoietic potential however it’s dormant
• marrow in larger spaces that first become inactive
• rich in fat cells
• in adult

Question 15

grey marrow

Answer 15

• not hematogenic
• no fat
• almost liquid
• in elderly and skinny subjects

Question 16

intramembranous ossification

Answer 16

• bone derived from a connective FIBROUS tissue template e.g. skull and facial bones

Question 17

endochondral ossification

Answer 17

• bone tissue derived from a connective CARTILAGINOUS tissue template
  e. g. axial and appendicular skeleton (except skull and facial bones)

Question 18

osteogenesis

Answer 18

connective tissue cells is transformed into osteoblasts (arranged layer by layer) and osseous matrix.

Question 19

osteolysis

Answer 19

to give the spongy tissue
- the osteoclasts or humeral dissolution create cavities in the new bone to give spongy tissue or dipole (spongy bone or flat bone)